Merriam-Webster's Word of the Day for April 1, 2024 is: shambles  \SHAM-bulz\ noun  
Shambles refers to a place or state in which there is great confusion, disorder, or destruction.

// The house party they had over the weekend left the entire living room in shambles.

[See the entry >](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/shambles)
  
  
Examples:
  
"In this film, three friends … reconnect and find themselves attempting to relive the glory days after suffering several defeats that life has thrown their way. After heading to a once-beloved ski resort, they find it in shambles." — Christopher Hinton, Digital Trends, 24 Feb. 2024  
  
Did you know?  
   
The story of shambles appears to be a bit of a shambles: somehow, a word meaning "footstool" gave us a word meaning "mess." It all starts with the Latin word scamillum, the [diminutive](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/diminutive) of scamnum, meaning "stool, bench." Modify the spelling and you get the Old English word sceamol, meaning "stool." Alter again to the Middle English word shameles (the plural of schamel), and give it a more specific meaning: "a vendor’s table." Tweak that a little and you arrive at the 15th-century term shambles, meaning "meat market." A century or so takes shambles from "meat market" to "slaughterhouse," then to figurative application as a term referring to a place of terrible slaughter or bloodshed (say, a battlefield). The grim connotations fade over time, but the messiness remains, and voilà: the modern sense of shambles meaning "mess" or "state of great confusion." Transition accomplished!

shambles

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Merriam-Webster's Word of the Day for May 3, 2024 is: melee  \MAY-lay\ noun  
Melee refers to a confused fight or struggle, especially one involving hand-to-hand combat.

// What started as a verbal disagreement at the football game soon turned into a general melee involving scores of spectators.

[See the entry >](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/melee)  
  
Examples:
  
"The battle scenes are a Hollywood mishmash of medieval melees, meaningless [cannonades](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cannonade), and World War I-style infantry advances." — Franz-Stefan Gady, Foreign Policy, 2 Dec. 2023   
  
Did you know?  
   
English has no shortage of words for confused and noisy fights, some ([fray](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fray), [brawl](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/brawl), [scrap](https://bit.ly/3J6dR3R)) more common than others ([donnybrook](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/donnybrook), [fracas](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fracas)). Melee tends to be encountered more often in written rather than spoken English, but it is far from obscure, and has seen increasing use especially in the context of video games featuring some form of hand-to-hand combat. Such games allow players to [mix it up](https://bit.ly/4cUqA7w) with all manner of rivals and [baddies](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/baddie) from the comfort and safety of their home, with mix being an especially apt word alongside melee: the latter comes from the French word mêlée, which in turn comes from the Old French verb mesler, meaning "to mix."

melee

Merriam-Webster's Word of the Day for May 2, 2024 is: forfend  \for-FEND\ verb  
Forfend is used in contexts relating to some kind of real or pretended danger or other unpleasantness. In humorous and ironic use, forfend typically appears in the phrase “heaven forfend,” and, like “heaven forbid,” expresses a usually ironic desire that something not happen or be done. In general use, if you forfend something unwanted or undesirable, you ward it off or prevent it; and if you forfend yourself from or against something, you protect or preserve yourself from it.

// Heaven forfend that people actually pick up dictionaries and read them!

// By studying your dictionary, you may forfend any risk of not knowing the meaning of a word.

// To forfend against the prospect of being at a loss for words, we recommend you read the Word of the Day daily. 

[See the entry >](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/forfend)
  
  
Examples:
  
“Cigarette companies financed armies of letter and op-ed writers, think tank reports, and ‘expert’ testimony promoting the return of DDT. … Big Tobacco fought for the return of DDT, [Elena] Conis argues, because the pesticide made for such ‘a helpful scientific parable, one that, told just right, illustrated the problem of government regulation of private industry gone wrong.’ It was private companies, and not politicians—or, heaven forfend, the people—who should decide what products should be produced, and how.” — Scott W. Stern, The New Republic, 31 May 2022  
  
Did you know?  
   
Forfend is an unusual word in that its most commonly used sense is considered [archaic](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/archaic), meaning it survives in English chiefly in specialized uses. When forfend was first used in the 14th century, it meant “to forbid.” It still does but only in phrases, like “heaven forfend” or “God forfend,” that have an exaggeratedly old-timey ring to them. (The use is also typically humorous and/or ironic.) Put another way, substituting forfend for [forbid](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/forbid) in any other context would sound strange, as in “students are forfended from using cell phones in the classroom.” Other senses of forfend, including “to protect or preserve” and “to ward off or prevent,” are current, though much less common. The fend part of the word comes from the same Latin source as [defend](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/defend).

forfend

Merriam-Webster's Word of the Day for May 1, 2024 is: cohesive  \koh-HEE-siv\ adjective  
Something described as cohesive sticks together and forms something closely united. The word is usually used with abstract terms in phrases like "a cohesive social unit" or "a cohesive look/aesthetic." Cohesive can also be used to describe something, such as the design of a room or the plot of a movie, that is [coherent](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/coherent)—in other words, logically or consistently ordered.

// The couple chose their wedding colors and designs carefully to make sure everything had a cohesive look.

// The customer service department is a small but cohesive team.

[See the entry >](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cohesive)
  
  
Examples:
  
"The collection showcases a harmonious blend of modern aesthetics and classic craftsmanship, allowing customers to create cohesive outdoor environments that enhance the beauty of their surroundings." — Business Insider, 16 Mar. 2024   
  
Did you know?  
   
The Latin verb haerēre has shown remarkable [stick-to-itiveness](https://bit.ly/3VJTktg) in influencing the English lexicon, which is fitting for a word that means "to be closely attached; to stick." Among its descendants are [adhere](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/adhere) (literally meaning "to stick"), adhere’s relative [adhesive](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/adhesive) (a word for sticky substances), [inhere](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/inhere) (meaning "to belong by nature or habit"), and even [hesitate](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hesitate) (which implies remaining stuck in place before taking action). In Latin, haerēre teamed up with the prefix co- to form cohaerēre, which means "to stick together." Cohaerēre is the ancestor of cohesive, a word borrowed into English in the early 18th century to describe something that sticks together literally (such as dough or mud) or figuratively (such as a society or sports team).

cohesive

Merriam-Webster's Word of the Day for April 30, 2024 is: demagogue  \DEM-uh-gahg\ noun  
A demagogue is a political leader who tries to get support by making use of popular prejudices, as well as by making false claims and promises and using arguments based on emotion rather than reason.

// His opponent called him a bigoted demagogue for demonizing those who don't intend to vote for him.

[See the entry >](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/demagogue)  
  
Examples:
  
“You need an internal guidance system for making decisions. Without one, your choices become heavily influenced by external forces such as peers, television, and demagogues.” — Tom Muha, The Capital (Annapolis, Maryland), 2 Oct. 2021  
  
Did you know?  
   
When the ancient Greeks used dēmagōgós (from dêmos, meaning “people,” and -agōgos, “leading”) they meant someone good—a leader who used outstanding oratorical skills to further the interests of the common people. The first known use of demagogue in English comes from the introduction to [Thomas Hobbes’s](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Hobbes) 1629 translation of a text by the ancient Greek historian [Thucydides](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thucydides-Greek-historian): “It need not be doubted, but from such a master Thucydides was sufficiently qualified, to have become a great demagogue, and of great authority with the people.” Alas, the word quickly took a negative turn; within decades it was being used to refer to someone who uses powers of persuasion to sway and mislead.

demagogue

Merriam-Webster's Word of the Day for April 29, 2024 is: inviolable  \in-VYE-uh-luh-bul\ adjective  
Inviolable is a formal term that is used to describe something too important to be ignored or treated with disrespect.

// She considers herself a person with inviolable moral standards.

[See the entry >](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/inviolable)
  
  
Examples:
  
"Under international law, humans possess an inviolable right to freedom of thought. As part of this, governments have a duty to create an environment where people can think freely." — Simon McCarthy-Jones, The Conversation, 27 Sept. 2023
  
  
Did you know?  
   
Inviolable is a [venerable](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/venerable) word that has been with us since the 15th century. Its opposite, [violable](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/violable) ("capable of being or likely to be violated"), appeared in the following century. The 17th century English playwright Shackerley Marmion made good use of violable in A Fine Companion, writing, "Alas, my heart is Tender and violable with the least weapon Sorrow can dart at me." But English speakers have never warmed up to that word the way we have to inviolable, and it continues to be used much less frequently. Both terms descend from the Latin verb violare, which both shares the meaning with, and is an ancestor of, the English word violate.

shambles

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