Welcome back to Real Democracy Now! a podcast.This is episode one of Season Two. Season Two is about representative democracy  Season Two is about representative democracy: its origins, components, how it can be evaluated, different approaches to democracy, the democratic deficit and the relationship between democracy and capitalism. In Episode 1 of Season 2, I'm talking to Professor Paul Cartledge. Professor Cartledge was the inaugural A G Levants Professor of Greek Culture Professor Cartledge was the inaugural A G Levants Professor of Greek Culture in the University of Cambridge and President of Clare College, Cambridge. Between 2006 - 2010 he was Hellenic Parliament Global Distinguished Professor in History and Theory of Democracy at New York University. Over the course of his career, he has written and edited numerous books on the ancient Greek world, most recently Democracy: a Life. He has served as historical consultant for the BBC television series The Greeks, and for four Channel 4 documentaries, including The Spartans. If you would like to hear more from Professor Cartledge I've added some videos to the Real Democracy Now! YouTube Channel. Some other material you may find interesting:  How student activism informed Paul Cartledge's new history of democracy  Ancient Greeks would not recognise our democracy G1000 in Cambridge In the next episode, I'll be talking with Professor Nadia Urbinati and Roslyn Fuller about the history of democracy and design. I hope you'll join me then.

2.1 Democracy in ancient Greece with Prof Paul Cartledge

Real Democracy Now! a podcast answers the question: can we do democracy differently? If you're dissatisfied with the current state of democracy but not sure how it could be improved this is the podcast for you. You'll hear from experts and activists as well as everyday people about how democracy works and how it can be improved. Then you get to choose which reforms you think would make the most difference.

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In this bonus episode, I talk with Anouch Toranian, the Deputy Mayor of Paris, Yves Dejaeghere, the Executive Director of the Federation for Innovation in Democracy, Europe and Claudia Chwalisz, leader of innovation in citizen engagement with the OECD about the design and establishment of the Paris Citizens' Assembly. The Paris Citizens' Assembly was established in 2021 with 100 Parisians representing the diversity of the city of Paris. The Assembly is charged with evaluating past programs or policies, setting up citizens' juries and determining the topic for Paris' annual participatory budgeting process. The Assembly is unique in that the Council are sharing with the Assembly members responsibility for designing how it works.

The Paris Citizens' Assembly

In episode eight of season three of the podcast, I'm speaking with  Therese Arseneau about the introduction of a mixed-member proportional (MMP) electoral system. Therese was an expert advisor to the New Zealand Electoral Commission between 2010 and 2016. She is currently an Adjunct Senior Fellow with the University of Canterbury in Christchurch, New Zealand. Therese sets out  the background to the referendum which led to the introduction of MMP in New Zealand [1:20] how voters view the impact of MMP [13:30] the reality of MMP and coalition governments [21:20] the impact of MMP on women's representation [28:10] the wider impact of MMP [34:00] and  Maori representation generally and the impact of MMP [39:30]  The story of New Zealand's radical change to their electoral system and it's broad impacts is a fascinating one.  Patreon to fund the transcription of podcast episodes I have set up a Patreon account to raise funds to pay for the transcription of podcast episodes. If you would like to support this endeavour please visit the Patreon page and sign up for either regular monthly contributions (from $2 pm) to a one-off contribution of whatever you can afford. The next podcast episode will be about electoral systems in South East Asia.

3.8 New Zealand's Electoral System with Therese Arseneau

In this episode, I’m talking with Antony Green about the Australian electoral system and Vote Compass, a tool which allows voters to explore how their views align with the major parties. Antony is an Australian psephologist and commentator. He is the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's election analyst. As well as being an Adjunct Professor University of Sydney in the School of Social and Political Sciences. I spoke with Antony about how he came to be Australia’s best-known election analyst - he said he was in the right place, at the right time, with the right skills. He identified three institutions which define Australian politics:  Compulsory voting Preferential voting Bi-cameral Houses of Parliament  And highlighted a couple of institutional challenges in Australia  The power of our Senate undermines the mandate given to the House of Representatives to implement the policies they took to the election Strict rules around what counts as a validly completed ballot paper results in around one-third to a half of all votes being considered informal.  I also asked Antony what he thought of the idea of a Citizens’ Senate. He noted that it would be difficult in practice due to the need to amend the Australian Constitution and that there would be many questions to be answered about how it might work in practice. Anthony has been involved in the development of Vote Compass here in Australia and I asked him about the benefits and limitations of the tool. My interview with Antony was recorded some time ago and we are currently in the midst of a Federal Election here in Australia. As Antony suggested in his comments on Vote Compass, it has been extended to include the ultra-conservative party One Nation. It will be interesting to see the impact of a party to the right of the Liberal/Nationals on where people’s policy preferences align. If you would like to see how your policy preferences align with four of the political parties contesting the upcoming 2019 Federal Election visit the ABC’s Vote Compass.

3.7 Electoral systems in Australia with Antony Green

In this episode, I’m talking with Dr Camille Bedock about her book Reforming Democracy: Institutional engineering in Western Europe, 1990 - 2010 and also about her more recent research with Sophie Panel on citizen conceptions of how democratic their democracy is and with Nicolas Sauger on how electoral systems with majority bonuses affect electoral competition.   Camille's book is based on her thesis and looks at electoral and other reforms in Italy and France [1.35] with a focus on the determinants and processes of institutional reform.    For her research, Camille focused on formal institutions [3.50] which regulate the functioning of democracy. In particular, she looked at bundles of reforms [5.25] building on Lijphart’s work in Patterns of Democracy, finding that often institutional components 'move together.’ She proves examples of such bundles of reforms [8.05] such as changes to the length of the Presidential term and the electoral calendar term in France. Her research concludes that bundles of reforms are the norm rather than the exception.    Camille identifies three key findings of her research [10.15]   Institutional reforms are not exceptional or rare   Political elites make reforms in reaction to events rather than in a proactive way   To understand change and stability we need to look at the processes of reform which are either consensual or conflictual.    In considering democratic legitimacy and trust [13.45] Camille notes that whilst lack of legitimacy can lead to institutional reforms there is little evidence available about whether institutional reforms can restore legitimacy and trust. And she points out that legitimacy and trust may depend on an individual’s views on how democracy should operate. Her recent research with Sophie Panel [16.15] on the views of French people on how democratic their democracy is, suggests that people who hold minimalist views on democracy have a higher regard for their democracy as do people who voted for the party which won the last election.   Finally, Camille in conjunction with Nicolas Sauger [18.55] has looked at the impact of majority bonus systems on electoral competition and representative outcomes.

3.6 Reforming democracy, democratic legitimacy and majority bonuses with Dr Camille Bedock

In this episode, I am speaking with Professor Pippa Norris about her work on electoral integrity.    Pippa Norris, is the Paul F. McGuire Lecturer in Comparative Politics at the John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, ARC Laureate Fellow and Professor of Government and International Relations at the University of Sydney, and Director of the Electoral Integrity Project.   Pippa has published almost fifty books. Most recently these books focus on electoral integrity. with Electoral Integrity (2017 Cambridge), Election Watchdogs (ed. 2017 Oxford), Why American Elections are Flawed (2017 Cornell), Cultural Backlash: Trump, Brexit and Authoritarian-Populism (2018 Cambridge, with Ronald Inglehart) and Electoral Integrity in America (ed. 2018 Oxford University Press).   Pippa talks about   key features of electoral integrity   factors which support or hinder electoral integrity   why the United States is at the bottom of the ‘scoreboard’ amongst Western democracies in regard to electoral integrity and   how different electoral systems impact on the representation of minorities and women.  

2.1 Democracy in ancient Greece with Prof Paul Cartledge

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