Welcome to Stewart Squared podcast with the two Stewart Alsops. In this wide-ranging conversation, they’re joined by legendary entrepreneur and Idealab founder Bill Gross to trace the arcs of personal computing, the early Internet, and today's AI boom. The episode explores Bill’s early work with products like Lotus Magellan and GoTo.com, reflects on how foundational technologies transformed from niche curiosities into global forces, and questions what comes next in an era of large language models and cognitive prosthetics. Along the way, they revisit pivotal moments from the GUI wars to the Netscape IPO, unpack the birth of paid search advertising, and examine the shift from coding as craft to prompting as interface. For more on Bill’s latest ventures, check out Gist AI and Pro-rata Ads as mentioned in the show notes.

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Timestamps
00:00 – Bill Gross is introduced and recalls early software like Lotus Magellan, a hard drive search tool from the 1980s. They discuss its roots in natural language processing and early email indexing.
05:00 – The conversation shifts to GUI wars, Microsoft's DOS strategy, and the rise of Windows over IBM's OS/2. They explore how Excel and Word were part of Microsoft’s application takeover.
10:00 – Discussion of LLMs as productivity tools, comparing their impact to the GUI revolution. They analyze Microsoft’s AI approach and focus on enterprise applications over foundational model improvements.
15:00 – Bill reflects on the pace of change, from weekly PC magazines to hourly AI news. They compare today's AI boom to the dot-com era and the Netscape IPO as a turning point.
20:00 – The birth of GoTo.com, keyword bidding, and the audience backlash at TED. Google’s later adoption of the model is explored as a pivotal monetization moment.
25:00 – Introduction of Pro-rata Ads, which use LLMs for real-time ad relevance. They explore if LLMs are reasoning or just statistically advanced.
30:00 – Reflections on social media emergence, exocortex, and unintended consequences of scale like engagement algorithms driving hate.
35:00 – Gross shares the transition from CD-ROMs to the web browser, leading to Idealab’s founding and early Internet business models.
40:00 – They discuss search before search, the evolution of web discovery, and the promise of LLM-powered knowledge assistants.
45:00 – The future of programming with English, AI whispering, and how prompting is becoming the new interface layer.
50:00 – Final reflections on Idealab's journey, Apple’s AI struggles, and how power dynamics between companies and governments are shifting.

Key Insights

1. The Roots of AI Trace Back to Early Search and Natural Language Interfaces: Bill Gross’s early work with Lotus Magellan and a product called HAL (Human Access Language) illustrates how long-standing the desire has been to make machines understand and summarize human input. These early attempts at indexing and parsing natural language on primitive hardware laid the groundwork—conceptually, if not technically—for the large language models we use today. The idea of summarizing content and enabling more intuitive access to information was there decades ago, even if the technology had to catch up.
2. AI as a Business Platform, Not Just a Technical Breakthrough: A recurring theme in the conversation is that the real value in AI—much like the operating systems of old—is in the applications built on top of the foundational models. Bill highlights Satya Nadella’s focus on productivity gains over raw model improvements, emphasizing a strategic pivot from building core tech to crafting useful, business-oriented tools. This parallels earlier shifts in the computing industry, such as the move from DOS to Windows and from command lines to GUIs, where the underlying tech became commoditized and the upper layers captured most of the value.
3. The Origins of Paid Search Were Controversial but Revolutionary: GoTo.com, founded by Gross in 1998, pioneered the idea of bidding on search keywords—a move initially met with hostility from purists who saw search as a public good. Despite the backlash, the model proved transformative, leading to Google’s eventual adoption (and acquisition of the patents) and becoming the backbone of the modern internet economy. It’s a reminder that the most disruptive ideas often start out unpopular, especially when they threaten cherished ideals.
4. Pace of Innovation Is Accelerating Beyond Human Comprehension: The hosts and guest reflect on how the tempo of technological change has shifted from biweekly magazine cycles in the 1980s to real-time developments today, where even stepping away for breakfast might mean missing a major release. Gross notes that a billion dollars a day is being poured into AI, suggesting not only a financial feeding frenzy but also a global race that's orders of magnitude faster and more intense than the dot-com era.
5. Exocortex and the Rise of Digital Cognition: There’s an ongoing philosophical reflection about computers and now LLMs as extensions of human cognition. The term “exocortex” is used to describe this, hinting at a future where machines are not just tools but integral parts of how we think, remember, and make decisions. Social media and LLMs are both seen as forms of this augmentation, with the former demonstrating how unintended consequences can arise when such systems scale globally.
6. Open Source and Abstraction Have Rewired Software Development: The episode touches on how open source software and the rising abstraction layers in programming—from machine code to AI-generated scripts—have democratized the ability to build software. Gross shares his dream of English as a programming language, which is now functionally real through LLMs. This shift doesn’t eliminate coding but expands who can participate in creating software, reframing coding as prompting and design rather than syntax mastery.
7. Power is Shifting From Governments to Tech Companies: In discussing companies like Apple and Google—whose platforms now hold the entirety of users’ personal data—the episode explores how these entities have outgrown traditional government oversight. With market caps exceeding many national GDPs and influence over global communication, there’s a growing tension between private innovation and public governance. Gross points out that while users willingly give up their data for value, there’s limited recourse when these platforms overreach, raising important questions about accountability in the age of AI.