Hyponatremia remains a challenging topic for many because they are trying to memorize algorithms and numbers. You can usually nail the etiology by history & physical and a brief chart review.

Hyponatremia etiology by history and physical

Intended for the medical professional who enjoys learning for the sake of it. Dr. Porat is a practicing Colorado Hospitalist and Board Certified in Internal Medicine.

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The double-blind, randomized phase III EMPEROR-Preserved trial showed a benefit of the sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor empagliflozin in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).
Now let us dig a bit more into those headlines.

Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (Diastolic CHF) and SGLT-2 Inhibitor Therapy

An important recently published randomized control trial provides guidance on this controversy.

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Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis - Unique Infections in Cirrhosis part 2

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Almost nobody feels comfortable managing DELAYED gastric emptying (gastroparesis) and very few medical providers even think about RAPID gastric emptying in their diabetic patients. Even if you send these patients to GI specialists, your blood sugar co-management of these patients can be heavily impacted by these issues. Is delayed gastric emptying always a bad thing? When your patient has upper GI symptoms, how often is it a gastric emptying abnormality? Time for some answers.

Hyponatremia etiology by history and physical

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