ONS member Kathleen Calzone, PhD, RN, AGN-BC, FAAN, research geneticist at the National Cancer Institute’s Center for Cancer Research, member of the ONS Genomics Advisory Board, and member of the National Capital Area ONS Chapter, joins Stephanie Jardine, BSN, RN, oncology clinical specialist at ONS, to discuss the history of genomics in cancer care. AstraZeneca sponsored this podcast episode, which is brought to you by ONS. Episode Notes Check out these resources from today’s episode:  NCPD contact hours are not available for this episode.  Oncology Nursing Podcast Episode 39: Understanding Genomics in Oncology Nursing  Oncology Nursing Podcast Episode 112: Navigating Genomics and Its Effect on Cancer Care  ONS Voice article: Harnessing the Power of Genes  ONS Voice article: Genetic Disorder Reference Sheet: BRCA1 and BRCA2 Hereditary Cancers  ONS Voice article: Get Answers to Your Most Frequently Asked Genomics and Cancer Questions  ONS Voice  article: Help Patients Understand Genomic Variants of Unknown Significance  ONS Voice  article: The Story of Henrietta Lacks Sheds Light on Ethical Considerations in Genetic Testing ONS Genomics and Precision Oncology Learning Library Genetics/Genomics Competency Center  National Cancer Institute PDQ® summaries on genetics National Human Genome Research Institute 

Episode 156: The History of Genomics in Cancer Care

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 “When we’re talking about the role of nurses in addressing these challenges, they play a critical role because of when they actually get to see patients. And so, if we can help with early identification and assessment, really finding out, using financial screening tools to identify any patients that might be at risk, early on, of financial toxicity, that can really allow for timely interventions,” Sarah Paul, LCSW, OSW-C, senior director of social work at CancerCare in New York, NY, told Lenise Taylor, MN, RN, AOCNS®, BMTCN®, oncology clinical specialist at ONS, during a conversation about financial toxicity in adolescent and young adult (AYA) cancer survivors.  Music Credit: “Fireflies and Stardust” by Kevin MacLeod  Licensed under Creative Commons by Attribution 3.0   Earn 0.75 contact hours of nursing continuing professional development (NCPD) by listening to the full recording and completing an evaluation at myoutcomes.ons.org by April 12, 2026. The planners and faculty for this episode have no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies to disclose. ONS is accredited as a provider of NCPD by the American Nurses Credentialing Center’s Commission on Accreditation.  Learning outcome:  Learners will report an increase in knowledge related to financial toxicity in the adolescent and young adult population.  Episode Notes    Complete this evaluation for free NCPD. Oncology Nursing Podcast episodes:   Episode 300: AYAs With Cancer: End-of-Life Care Planning  Episode 294: AYAs With Cancer: Clinical Trial Enrollment Barriers and Facilitators  Episode 287: Tools, Techniques, and Real-World Examples for Difficult Conversations in Cancer Care  Episode 276: Support Young Families During a Parent’s Cancer Journey  Episode 62: Financial Toxicity Legislation   ONS Voice articles:  AYA Cancer Survivorship: Younger Survivors Face Different Challenges and Prefer More Casual Support Programs  Nursing Considerations for Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer Survivorship Care  How to Support Adolescents and Young Adults With Cancer at the End of Life  LGB AYA Patients With Cancer Have High Burden of Chronic Conditions in Survivorship  AYA Champions Clinic Fills Gaps in Care and Addresses Unmet Needs   ONS book:  Oncology Nurse Navigation: Delivering Patient-Centered Care Across the Continuum (second edition) Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing articles:  Two Case Reports on Financial Toxicity and Healthcare Transitions in Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer Survivors Crucial Conversations: Addressing Informational Needs of Adolescents and Young Adults Diagnosed With Cancer A Nurse-Pharmacist Collaborative Approach to Reducing Financial Toxicity in Cancer Care   Oncology Nursing Forum article: A Brief Screening Tool for Assessment of Financial Toxicity ONS Financial Toxicity Huddle Card ONS Nurse Navigation Learning Library Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer Awareness Week American Society of Clinical Oncology CancerCare Got Transition National Comprehensive Cancer Network Patient Advocate Foundation Triage Cancer  To discuss the information in this episode with other oncology nurses, visit the ONS Communities.  To find resources for creating an ONS Podcast Club in your chapter or nursing community, visit the ONS Podcast Library.  To provide feedback or otherwise reach ONS about the podcast, email  pubONSVoice@ons.org.  Highlights From This Episode  “For nurses that are caring for AYA patients, it’s really important to not only be aware of financial toxicity but know how to assess for financial toxicity because of the pivotal stage that these patients are at in their life. They often don’t have the financial stability or insurance coverage that adults who are maybe middle age or even in the older adult population might have.” TS 2:11  “The idea of [AYAs] not really understanding insurance coverage—I think it’s really important that as a team, we simplify some of this complex information, breaking it down into more manageable steps and providing that guidance on the documents and all the information that’s needed to apply [for financial assistance].” TS 8:59  “We see significant impacts in the AYA community, especially those that are in school or at the early stages of their career, because putting a job or school on hold to focus on treatment can have long-term effects. So, we see a couple of things. In education, we see academic delays; interrupting education can delay graduation or achievement of certain educational milestones, which would affect their ability to pursue higher education or even specialized training for their career. We also see, which is very difficult, loss of scholarships or financial aid. Some AYAs are starting school. It’s based on a scholarship or a grant or financial aid, and they can’t meet those full-time enrollment requirements or be able to maintain the GPA that they need to stay in the program. We see people losing their scholarships, and this is not their fault.” TS 10:11  “Down the road, you have this stress leading to chronic stress. We know that constant worry about finances can create a chronic stress environment. That is going to impact mental health across the board, which can lead to increased irritability, feelings of sadness, or even conflict among family members. So when we talk about managing these dynamics, we really want to focus on the importance of open communication because a lot of times we see families avoid discussing financial issues to shield each other from that additional stress.” TS 18:06  “One of the challenges that we face with this population is that we might assume that if they’re not talking about it, if an AYA is not bringing up finances, that it’s not an issue. And so sometimes even our own assumptions or assumptions of healthcare professionals that they don’t even need to ask, ‘How are finances going? Are you working currently? Do you feel financially stable? Are you insured?’ Often, maybe there’s not room for those questions. Maybe the appointments are too rushed. … Healthcare professionals could maybe take a pause to evaluate their own hidden or implicit bias, reflecting on their own experience, really trying to become aware of the assumptions they might have about this population.” TS 32:46

Episode 307: AYAs With Cancer: Financial Toxicity

 “At the beginning, like when you first meet someone before they’ve even started anything, kind of get a baseline of ‘What’s your ability to complete your daily activities? How is your coordination? How’s your speech now? How is your writing ability?’ up front before we start anything that could be toxic. And then prior to every treatment, I tend to look at their gait, watch them walk in or walk out of the office, to see if they’re changing at all,” Colleen Erb, MSN, CRNP, ACNP-BC, AOCNP®, hematology and oncology nurse practitioner at Jefferson Health Asplundh Cancer Pavilion in Willow Grove, PA, told Lenise Taylor, MN, RN, AOCNS®, BMTCN®, oncology clinical specialist at ONS, during a conversation about central nervous system toxicity.  Music Credit: “Fireflies and Stardust” by Kevin MacLeod  Licensed under Creative Commons by Attribution 3.0   Earn 0.5 contact hours of nursing continuing professional development (NCPD) by listening to the full recording and completing an evaluation at myoutcomes.ons.org by April 5, 2026. The planners and faculty for this episode have no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies to disclose. ONS is accredited as a provider of NCPD by the American Nurses Credentialing Center’s Commission on Accreditation.  Learning outcome:   Learners will report an increase in knowledge related to CNS toxicities.  Episode Notes    Complete this evaluation for free NCPD.  Oncology Nursing Podcast episodes:  Episode 303: Cancer Symptom Management Basics: Ocular Toxicities Episode 290: Cancer Symptom Management Basics: Peripheral Neuropathy Episode 278: Cancer Symptom Management Basics: Hepatic Complications Episode 269: Cancer Symptom Management Basics: Gastrointestinal Complications Episode 256: Cancer Symptom Management Basics: Hematologic Complications Episode 250: Cancer Symptom Management Basics: Dermatologic Complications Episode 244: Cancer Symptom Management Basics: Cardiovascular Complications   ONS Voice articles:   Cognitive Impairment Is Much More Than “Chemo Brain”  When Delirium Is Recognized and Addressed Early, Patient Outcomes Improve  An Oncology Nurse’s Guide to Bispecific Antibodies  CNS Survivorship Needs More Research, Funding, and Training, Expert Panel Says   ONS courses:   Essentials in Advanced Practice Symptom Management  Treatment and Symptom Management—Oncology RN  Nursing Considerations for CAR T-Cell Therapy for Patients With Hematologic Malignancies: Patient Education and Symptom Management   ONS books:   Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy Guidelines and Recommendations for Practice (second edition)  Clinical Manual for the Oncology Advanced Practice Nurse (fourth edition)  Core Curriculum for Oncology Nursing (seventh edition)   Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing articles:  Associated Toxicities: Assessment and Management Related to CAR T-Cell Therapy Dronabinol Therapy: Central Nervous System Adverse Events in Adults With Primary Brain Tumors Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma: Treatment and Nursing Management of Immunocompetent Patients   ONS Huddle Card:  Immune Effector Cell–Associated Neurotoxicity Syndrome (ICANS) American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)   Nervous System Side Effects Management of Immune-Related Adverse Events in Patients Treated With Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy: ASCO Guideline     To discuss the information in this episode with other oncology nurses, visit the ONS Communities.  To find resources for creating an ONS Podcast Club in your chapter or nursing community, visit the ONS Podcast Library.  To provide feedback or otherwise reach ONS about the podcast, email  pubONSVoice@ons.org.  Highlights From This Episode  “Biotherapy, immunotherapy, and cellular therapy can cause changes in cognitive function and personality, even without other signs of obvious neurotoxicity. Things like cytokines, whether it’s infused or as a result of side effects, can bypass the blood-brain barrier and can also alter that vascular permeability to allow other substances to kind of cross the barrier and can also alter your hypothalamic activity.” TS 2:26  “There’s definitely an effect on patients who are older. You know, there’s less pliability, less ability of their nervous system to sort of rebound from an insult in some cases. And I think there’s more exposure. There’s more risk of coexisting conditions, things like diabetes or thyroid issues. There’s also higher risk of impaired liver and renal function or dehydration or polypharmacy-type things. So I think there’s just a lot of sort of inherent risks as people get older and have more coexisting conditions.” TS 5:33  “[Their caregiver says] they used to read all the time—and if you ask the patients, they’re like, “Oh, well, I can’t focus on the words because they all seem too blurry.” … But when you, if you ask them specifically, “Is your vision blurry?” they’ll say no. Then when you really get down to it, that caregiver piece I think is really crucial in this kind of toxicity, because it’s the little things that if you catch them when they’re little things, then won't lead to big things.” TS 11:00   

Episode 306: Cancer Symptom Management Basics: CNS Toxicities

 “A couple of things I think are really important when you look at this class of drug: It developed by a concerted effort in cancer drug development to look at new agents that would be effective based on the mechanism. And then once they found a drug in this class that was beneficial, they further modified it to try to get better efficacy and less toxicity,” Rowena “Moe” Schwartz, PharmD, BCOP, FHOPA, professor of pharmacy practice at James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy at the University of Cincinnati in Ohio, told Jaime Weimer, MSN, RN, AGCNS-BS, AOCNS®, manager of oncology nursing practice at ONS, during a conversation about the nitrosoureas drug class.  Music Credit: “Fireflies and Stardust” by Kevin MacLeod  Licensed under Creative Commons by Attribution 3.0   Earn 0.5 contact hours of nursing continuing professional development (NCPD) by listening to the full recording and completing an evaluation at myoutcomes.ons.org by March 29, 2026. The planners and faculty for this episode have no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies to disclose. ONS is accredited as a provider of NCPD by the American Nurses Credentialing Center’s Commission on Accreditation.  Learning outcome: Learners will report an increase in knowledge related to nitrosourea administration.  Episode Notes    Complete this evaluation for free NCPD.  Oncology Nursing Podcast episodes:   Episode 286: Pharmacology 101: Alkylating Agents  Episode 288: Pharmacology 101: Antimetabolites  Episode 296: Pharmacology 101: Anthracyclines and Other Antitumor Antibiotics  Episode 299: Pharmacology 101: Plant Alkaloids   ONS Voice article:  The Oncology Nurse’s Role in Oral Anticancer Therapies ONS courses:   ONS/ONCC Chemotherapy Immunotherapy Administration Certificate™  ONS Fundamentals of Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy Administration™   ONS books:   Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy Guidelines and Recommendations for Practice (second edition)  Clinical Guide to Antineoplastic Therapy: A Chemotherapy Handbook (fourth edition)  Safe Handling of Hazardous Drugs (fourth edition)   Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing article:  Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma: Treatment and Nursing Management of Immunocompetent Patients Oncology Nursing Forum article:  ONS Guidelines™ to Support Patient Adherence to Oral Anticancer Medications  ONS Oral Anticancer Medication Learning Library  ONS Oral Adherence Video National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Hazardous Drugs in Healthcare Settings   To discuss the information in this episode with other oncology nurses, visit the ONS Communities.  To find resources for creating an ONS Podcast Club in your chapter or nursing community, visit the ONS Podcast Library.  To provide feedback or otherwise reach ONS about the podcast, email  pubONSVoice@ons.org.  Highlights From This Episode  “With the nitrosoureas, there’s something really interesting because there’s another mechanism that has been identified. And that is that when you put these nitrosoureas in the body, they break down into intermediates, and one of them is an isocyanate. … These isocyanates, what they do is they inhibit DNA repair, therefore have an impact on cells that are damaged. You can think of it as the second mechanism, and people that work in the neuro-oncology space think of this when they think of drugs like lomustine in brain cancer, how that drug decreases the DNA repair protein O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase.” TS 4:11  “These drugs are very lipophilic, meaning they cross the blood-brain barrier. That’s why we use them in brain tumors, so that’s one of the key things. That’s also one of the toxicities we see when drugs cross blood-brain barrier; we see neurotoxicity. So that’s one to at least always consider but also the benefit of it crossing over and being able to treat cancers within the CNS.” TS 8:19  “As a group, these drugs are alkylating agents, so definitely the safe handling is essential. And with DNA-damaging agents, that means anybody who is going to come in contact with these drugs. So, carmustine is given intravenously. Lomustine or CCNU, those are capsules. So handling is different depending on the agents.” TS 12:45  “The thing with the lomustine or the CCNU capsules, the thing that’s really important here is that the dosing is really different than how we normally give oral medications. And so, it’s really important that patients are aware of exactly how much they take and not that they don’t repeat the dose every day. So I think just like with other oral regimens that are not daily, we really have to make sure patients are aware of the specifics of how they take the drug.” TS 14:25

Episode 305: Pharmacology 101: Nitrosoureas

 “The prescribing information is really a reliable data-driven and comprehensively reviewed tool. That’s not just for healthcare providers when writing a prescription, but also, for example, it is a tool that can be used to generate educational content for healthcare systems as they update formularies and create drug information,” Elizabeth Everhart, MSN, RN, ACNP, associate director for labeling at the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in Silver Spring, MD, told Jaime Weimer, MSN, RN, AGCNS-BS, AOCNS®, manager of oncology nursing practice at ONS, during a conversation about drug package inserts and labeling.  Music Credit: “Fireflies and Stardust” by Kevin MacLeod  Licensed under Creative Commons by Attribution 3.0   Earn 0.25 contact hours of nursing continuing professional development (NCPD) by listening to the full recording and completing an evaluation at myoutcomes.ons.org by March 22, 2026. The planners and faculty for this episode have no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies to disclose. ONS is accredited as a provider of NCPD by the American Nurses Credentialing Center’s Commission on Accreditation.  Learning outcome:  Learners will report an increase in knowledge related to FDA drug labeling.  Episode Notes   Complete this evaluation for free NCPD. Oncology Nursing Podcast episodes:   Episode 126: Oncology Clinical Trials and Drug Development  Episode 242: Oncology Pharmacology 2023: Today’s Treatments and Tomorrow’s Breakthroughs  Episode 273: Updates in Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy   ONS Voice articles:  Oncology Drug Reference Sheets FDA Updates   ONS books:   Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy Guidelines and Recommendations for Practice (second edition)  Clinical Guide to Antineoplastic Therapy: A Chemotherapy Handbook (fourth edition)   ONS Drug Development Learning Library ONS and Hematology/Oncology Pharmacy Association:  Safe Handling Q&A;: How to Determine if a Drug is Hazardous     National Library of Medicine: DailyMed FDA   Prescribing Information Resources Drugs@FDA: FDA-Approved Drugs   National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Hazardous Drug Exposures in Health Care   To discuss the information in this episode with other oncology nurses, visit the ONS Communities.  To find resources for creating an ONS Podcast Club in your chapter or nursing community, visit the ONS Podcast Library.  To provide feedback or otherwise reach ONS about the podcast, email  pubONSVoice@ons.org.  Highlights From This Episode  “Nurses can be involved in several ways in creating the labeling. They can be members of the FDA multidisciplinary team that reviews the information submitted by the drug maker. Also in the review and development of the patient package insert or medication guide or the instructions for use that are used to help a healthcare practitioner, patients, or family members use the drug safely and accurately.” TS 2:08  “[Nurses] can use the sections to guide their teaching and instruction to patients, particularly about dosing and any tests that will be done to monitor for adverse reactions and any needed changes in the dosing, like whether they need to hold the medication or take less of it. They can also use the information to describe what the expected and serious adverse reactions for the drug are and how frequently they occurred in clinical trials.” TS 9:12  “The patient package inserts and medication guides that I mentioned are written in patient-friendly language and are good resources for nurses to use to educate patients and their caregivers or family members about what the product is used for, what its main and most serious side effects are, as well as what to expect in terms of the need for any special tests.” TS 11:04  “In the FDA’s public Prescribing Information Resources page, there are several excellent resources for healthcare providers to learn more about specific sections of the label, as well as to find good educational material for patients and their caregivers. There are also several presentations and videos available related to many sections of the label that are excellent resources for oncology nurses.” TS 14:26

Episode 304: Nursing Roles in FDA: The Drug Labeling and Package Insert Process

 “First, you want to refer patients to an eye care provider prior to initiating therapy, and I think communication at this point is really important. You need to tell the eye care provider why they’re being referred, what treatment they’re getting, the most common ocular toxicities, and also what needs to be done at every visit. They need to do a visual acuity; they need to do a slit-lamp eye exam. And these eye care providers need to know that ahead of time, so they’re doing everything at that visit,” Courtney Arn, APRN-CNP, nurse practitioner at the Ohio State University James Cancer Hospital in Columbus, told Jaime Weimer, MSN, RN, AGCNS-BS, AOCNS®, manager of oncology nursing practice at ONS, during a conversation about ocular toxicities and their management in cancer care.  The advertising messages in this episode are paid for by Dartmouth Hitchcock Cancer Center.  Music Credit: “Fireflies and Stardust” by Kevin MacLeod  Licensed under Creative Commons by Attribution 3.0   Episode Notes  NCPD contact hours are not available for this episode. Oncology Nursing Podcast Cancer Symptom Management Basics series:   Episode 244: Cancer Symptom Management Basics: Cardiovascular Complications  Episode 250: Cancer Symptom Management Basics: Dermatologic Complications  Episode 256: Cancer Symptom Management Basics: Hematologic Complications  Episode 269: Cancer Symptom Management Basics: Gastrointestinal Complications  Episode 278: Cancer Symptom Management Basics: Hepatic Complications  Episode 290: Cancer Symptom Management Basics: Peripheral Neuropathy   ONS Voice articles:   Oncology Drug Reference Sheet: Mirvetuximab Soravtansine-Gynx  Oncology Drug Reference Sheet: Tisotumab Vedotin-Tftv  Oncology Drug Reference Sheet: Belantamab Mafodotin-Blmf   ONS courses:  ONS Cancer Basics™  Essentials in Advanced Practice Symptom Management  Treatment and Symptom Management—Oncology RN Symptom Management—Oncology APN   ONS books:   Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy Guidelines and Recommendations for Practice (second edition)  Clinical Manual for the Oncology Advanced Practice Nurse (fourth edition)   Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing articles:  Transfusion Reactions: A Case Study of an Ocular Adverse Event During Autologous Transplantation Ocular Graft-Versus-Host Disease After Allogeneic Transplantation Enfortumab Vedotin: Nursing Perspectives on the Management of Adverse Events in Patients With Locally Advanced or Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma   Oncology Nursing Forum article: Ocular Toxicity of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors   To discuss the information in this episode with other oncology nurses, visit the ONS Communities.  To find resources for creating an ONS Podcast Club in your chapter or nursing community, visit the ONS Podcast Library.  To provide feedback or otherwise reach ONS about the podcast, email  pubONSVoice@ons.org.  Highlights From This Episode  “The most common ocular toxicities that we see with cancer treatments currently are vision impairment, which can include decreased visual acuity or blurred vision. We also see keratopathy or keratitis, very common to have dry eyes, photophobia, eye pain. Sometimes patients can develop cataracts, conjunctivitis, or even blepharitis, which is inflammation of the eyelid.” TS 2:27  “Fortunately, most of the ocular toxicities that develop when being treated with these treatments are short term, and so most of them are reversible. And they actually resolve relatively quickly after stopping treatment that’s causing the ocular toxicity. So usually within one to two months, the ocular toxicities have significantly improved or resolved.” TS 4:55  “Sometimes patients come in and you’re asking them, ‘Are you having any symptoms, or do you have any blurred vision?’ And they’ll say, you know, ‘I haven't been able to see my computer as well,’ or ‘I’ve noticed when driving, I can’t read the road sign.’ And what I really hear often is watching TV, they can’t see the scores of sports games at the bottom of the screen.” TS 7:43  “The nurses are very important in this process from the beginning of doing the patient education prior to them starting therapy, helping with the referral process to getting them in, making sure the patients have their eye drops, making sure they know how to use their eye drops, making sure they’re aware of the signs and symptoms to be calling and reporting, and then also identifying at their visits, too, if they’re having any new symptoms. So they definitely play a heavy, heavy role in this process.” TS 14:22

Episode 156: The History of Genomics in Cancer Care

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