“Practice makes perfect” is a phrase we’ve all heard, but what does it really mean? And does practice truly lead to perfection? Cognitive and neurological sciences tell us that the answer is more nuanced. Florida State University’s Anders Ericsson, renowned for his expertise in understanding expertise, introduced the concept of deliberate practice—focused, goal-oriented practice—as essential for mastery. His work highlights that talent alone doesn’t create experts; consistent, deliberate effort does.

The brain plays a critical role in this process. Neuroscientists have discovered that practice enhances a substance called myelin, which insulates neural pathways responsible for skill execution. The more we practice, the thicker the myelin coating becomes, allowing faster and more efficient neural transmissions. This is why repeated, mindful practice makes it easier to perform tasks, whether playing a symphony or executing a perfect backflip.

What sets apart individuals who achieve world-class mastery, like concert pianist Lang Lang or Olympian Simone Biles, is their ability to sustain motivation over thousands of hours. Studies show that their practice routines are not only longer but also highly structured, targeting weaknesses and incorporating constant feedback. As Lang Lang once explained, “It’s not the number of hours; it’s what you put into those hours.”

But relentless practice has downsides if balance is neglected. Psychologists warn of burnout and mental fatigue, which can erode performance and passion. To avoid this, experts recommend variety—switch up routines to keep your brain engaged—and prioritize rest. Rest isn’t a break from progress; it’s part of the process.

For listeners eager to refine their own practice habits, start by setting specific goals and breaking them into smaller, achievable tasks. Use feedback to identify weaknesses, and remember that quality always trumps quantity. If progress plateaus, try practicing beyond mastery to reinforce automaticity. Consistency matters, but so does allowing your mind and body to recover.

Ultimately, practice doesn’t guarantee perfection, but it paves the way to excellence. Success lies in deliberate effort, healthy balance, and a mindset that values growth over flawless achievement. Whether you’re learning a skill or pursuing excellence in your field, the mantra might better read: “Practice makes progress.”

This content was created in partnership and with the help of Artificial Intelligence AI