This is part 2 of the 3 part series covering engine air flow measurement. Check out episode Episode 7, Mass air flow sensors for part 1 if you haven't already.
Today's episode covers Volumetric efficiency testing, a tool that we can use to detect engine breathing faults and faulty Mass air flow sensors.

ATG VE calculator-
https://atgtraining.com/atg-volumetric-efficiency-calculator/

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https://autodiagpodcast.com/