Join me as we journey through mid-13th-century Tuscany, shaken by the sudden death of Emperor Frederick II and plunged into a brutal struggle for supremacy.

With the throne contested by Frederick's ambitious heirs—including his enigmatic son Manfred—alliances fracture, betrayals multiply, and the fierce rivalry between Guelphs and Ghibellines explodes once again.

Discover how secret pacts, shifting loyalties, and popular uprisings reshaped the political landscape of cities like Florence, Siena, and Pisa, paving the way for even bloodier confrontations to come.

SOURCES

- Anonymous. (n.d.). Cronaca senese (14th century). As cited in Balestracci, D. (2017). La battaglia di Montaperti (p. 27). Laterza.

- Balestracci, D. (2017). La battaglia di Montaperti (p. 49). Laterza.

- Canaccini F. (2010) Restano i termini, mutano i significati: Guelfi e Ghibellini. L'evoluzione semantica dei nomi delle fazioni medioevali italiane. In: Lotta politica nell'Italia medievale, 85-94

- Cardini, F. (2007). Breve storia di Firenze. Pacini.

- Caleffo Vecchio. (n.d.). Volume II, pp. 740–742. As cited in Balestracci, D. (2017, pp. 42, 45). La battaglia di Montaperti. Laterza.

- Davidsohn, R. (1956–1968). Geschichte von Florenz (Vol. 1). Firenze.

- Montauri, P. di T. (Attributed). (n.d.). Cronaca senese (pp. 192–193). As cited in Balestracci, D. (2017, p. 48). La battaglia di Montaperti. Laterza.

- Pispisa. (n.d.). Il Regno di Manfredi (p. 11). As cited in Balestracci, D. (2017, p. 35). La battaglia di Montaperti. Laterza.

- Villani, G. (1991). Nuova Cronica (G. Porta, Ed.). Fondazione Pietro Bembo/Guanda.

CREDITS

Music:

- "Ancient Wind" by Noru from Pixabay

- "Epic Way" by Magnetic_Trailer from Pixabay

- "Floralia" by theromancrow from Pixabay

- "Medieval Settlemetn" by Sergii Pavkin from Pixabay

- "The Battle of Coalitions" by Peter Barbaix from Pixabay

- "Anxious March - Full"by LiteSaturation from Pixabay

- "Sad Dramatic Trailer" by Roman Senyk from Pixabay

Effects:

- "Medieval Music" by Själ, on Hunehals Borg, from Pixabay

- "Brutal Battle" by Marcus Vogt from Pixabay

- "Sword Thud" Sound Effect from Pixabay

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