References: 

1. Uptodate

2. Sullivan P. Ottawa Anesthesia Primer. ECHO BOOK PUBLISHING; 2012.

3. Butterworth J, Mackey D, Wasnick J. Morgan & Mikhail’s Clinical Anesthesiology. 5th ed. McGraw-Hill Education; 2013.

4. Snider, K. T., Kribs, J. W., Snider, E. J., et al. (2008). Reliability of Tuffierʼs Line as an Anatomic Landmark. Spine, 33(6), E161–E165. doi:10.1097/brs.0b013e318166f58c

5. Capdevila X, Aveline C, Delaunay L, et. al. Factors Determining the Choice of Spinal Versus General Anesthesia in Patients Undergoing Ambulatory Surgery: Results of a Multicenter Observational Study. Adv Ther. 2020 Jan;37(1):527-540. doi: 10.1007/s12325-019-01171-6. Epub 2019 Dec 11. PMID: 31828612; PMCID: PMC6979445.

6. Broadbent CR, Maxwell WB, Ferrie R, et al. Ability of anaesthetists to identify a marked lumbar interspace. Anaesthesia 2000;55:1122–6.

7. Schlotterbeck H, Toure Y, Schaeffer R, et al. Is assessment of lumbar interspace as inaccurate in the clinical setting of obstetrical regional anesthesia as it is in experimental studies? Anesthesiology 2003;99:A1189.

8. Jespersen MS, Jæger PT, Ægidius KL, et al. Sphenopalatine ganglion block for treatment of post-dural puncture headache. Ugeskr Laeger. 2019 May 6;181(19):V12180846. Danish. PMID: 31120017.

9. https://www.openanesthesia.org/differential_spinal_block/

Have questions, comments, corrections, or concerns? Please reach out via email:

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All research, scriptwriting and recording was by Blake Birnie, UBC Anesthesiology R1 + Sandy Wu UBC MSI3