One of the most transformative moments in embryology is when the embryo folds. This episode explores how a flat, layered disc becomes a three-dimensional body with a gut tube, body cavities, and defined axes. Folding is not a single event, but a choreography of growth occurring in multiple directions at once.

Drawing on Langman’s spatial explanations, IB Singh’s stepwise clarity, and Moore’s clinical correlations, we examine cephalocaudal and lateral folding as solutions to a single developmental challenge: organising space. We also explore why many congenital anomalies can be traced back to disruptions in this phase.

This episode helps listeners see folding as a unifying concept — one that reappears later in organ development, surgical anatomy, and pathology.

This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit drmanaankarray.substack.com/subscribe