Post-Keynesian economics, building on John Maynard Keynes’s work, emphasizes uncertainty, financial instability, and income distribution, offering a heterodox alternative to neoclassical and new Keynesian economics.

Developed by Joan Robinson, Hyman Minsky, Paul Davidson, and others in the mid-20th century, it emerged from dissatisfaction with mainstream equilibrium models. It extends Keynes’s focus on demand-driven economies, rejecting assumptions of automatic market clearing.