If you ever need to keep something frozen when your freezer isn’t working, you might find yourself using dry ice, which is solid carbon dioxide. This material stays colder than water ice, and it doesn’t melt, so it creates a lot less mess.

Here are some resources to learn more about dry ice and carbon dioxide:

• The Bumbling Biochemist.  Dry Ice, Sublimation.  https://thebumblingbiochemist.com/365-days-of-science/dry-ice-sublimation/.
• How Stuff Works.  How Does Dry Ice Work?  https://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/science-questions/question264.htm.
• Universal Industrial Gases, Inc.  Interesting Facts and Information About Carbon Dioxide.  http://www.uigi.com/carbondioxide.html.
• Duane, H. D. Roller; Thilorier, M.  “Thilorier and the First Solidification of a ‘Permanent’ Gas (1835).”  Isis, vol. 43, no. 2, 1952, pp. 109–113.

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