In this second installment of our three-part robotics series, we dissect the inner workings of robots and explore the components that bring them to life.

While science fiction often romanticizes humanoid machines, this episode is firmly grounded in the real-world anatomy of robotics—how artificial intelligence (AI), mechanical parts, and software work together to build functional and increasingly autonomous machines.

From sensors to actuators, we break down the building blocks of modern automation.

Key highlights:

• Brains, Controllers, and AI Integration: At the core of every robot is its “brain”—the controller that processes inputs from sensors and determines actions. We examine how hardware limitations have historically held robots back and how recent advances in miniaturized processors and edge computing are changing that. The team also compares the computational capacity of robots versus humans, highlighting how AI enables faster reaction times and specialized performance in specific, task-oriented domains.
• Sensory Systems and Real-World Awareness: A robot’s ability to navigate its environment hinges on a blend of advanced sensors, including cameras, LiDAR, infrared, ultrasonic, gyroscopes, and more. These devices serve as robotic "eyes," "ears," and "skin," enabling high-precision perception. The episode dives into how robots not only perceive physical reality but also extend beyond human capability through internet-based data input—offering a new kind of digital "sense."
• Muscles, Actuators, and Energy Constraints: The “muscles” of a robot—its actuators—convert processed commands into movement. While humans outperform robots in versatility, adaptability, and energy efficiency, machines shine in strength, speed, and precision. However, major challenges remain, particularly in energy usage and power systems, with robots still heavily reliant on limited battery life. The discussion compares robotic movement and endurance with biological efficiency, revealing both strengths and limits in today’s designs.

Robots may seem like futuristic sci-fi marvels, but understanding their anatomy—from AI-driven minds to real-world sensors and actuators—makes them less mysterious and more tangible.

While still far from matching the adaptability of humans, robots are becoming increasingly powerful thanks to rapid progress in robotics, AI, and mechanical engineering. As we build toward a more automated future, knowing how these systems work is key.

Join us next time as we explore how these technologies are being used in the real world—and where they might take us in the decades ahead.

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This episode is sponsored by the VeChain foundation. Learn more about VeBetterDAO here:

https://vebetterdao.org/

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Learn more about Web3 at:

https://untanglingweb3.com/

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Untangling Web3 is brought to you by hosts Jack Davies and Alec Burns, with music by Daniel Paigge. Got a question or topic suggestion? Send us an email at [email protected].

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The views we express here are our own, and do not represent the views of our employers. Nothing discussed or stated in the show should be considered advice.