Paul Thagard is a philosopher, cognitive scientist, and author of many interdisciplinary books. He is Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at the University of Waterloo and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, the Cognitive Science Society, and the Association for Psychological Science. Paul is the author of "Bots and Beasts: What Makes Machines, Animals, and People Smart?" which is the first systematic comparison of intelligence across machines, humans, and other animals. It draws on philosophy for a method of attributing mental capacities to nonhumans and for an approach to ethics based on vital needs. Psychology and neuroscience furnish the mechanisms that support intelligence.