October 18, 2021

2021.10.19 國際新聞導讀-以色列以正常價格賣水給約旦、肯亞北部大旱、以色列開放打AZ、法國VALNEVA疫苗預計年底上市、伊朗召開阿富汗周邊鄰國外長會議討論阿富汗情勢、那唐亞胡撇清拉賓總理遭暗殺的責任表示是殺手個人所為與右派無關、猶太極端分子LEV TAHOR無法離開瓜地馬拉前往伊朗建立新家園

28 minutes

以色列淡水販售價格上漲16.25倍約旦同意了

周刊王CTWANT |廖梓翔

2021年10月18日週一上午9:05·2 分鐘 (閱讀時間)

以色列擁有傲視全球的海水淡化技術。（圖／達志／美聯社）

[周刊王CTWANT] 位於沙漠地帶的以色列，為了解除境內淡水不足的問題，開發了獨霸全球的海水淡化技術。至此之後，不僅國內不缺水，而且還有能力可以把多餘的淡水販售給鄰近國家約旦。而近日以色列對約旦提出協議，要求將每立方公尺的淡水販售價格，從原本的0.04美元（折合新台幣約1.1元）上調到每立方公尺0.65美元（折合新台幣約18.1元），上漲幅度高達16.25倍，而約旦也同意以色列這項提案了。

根據《Globes》報導指出，以色列基礎設施、水和能源資源部長艾哈拉（Karine Elharrar）與約旦水務部長艾爾（Mohammed El）日前簽署協議，同意以色列以每立方公尺0.65美元的價格，出售淡水給約旦，如果約旦對於淡水的需求量超過雙方議定的基礎量，之後每立方公尺的淡水將以0.75美元出售。

報導中指出，從1990年代開始，以色列就以每立方公尺0.04美元的價格，每年出售5000萬立方公尺的淡水給約旦。從2010年開始，以色列出售給約旦的淡水數量達到每年6000萬立方公尺，但在此之前，以色列並沒有調整出售的價格。

而雖然以色列一口氣調高了16.25倍的水費，但其實這個價格與以色列民眾的水費差不多，也有專家表示，過往與約旦所議定的水費，其實遠遠低於以色列民眾的水費。而即便調高了16.25倍，其實以色列並沒有從中獲取多少利潤，而且是變相的繼續補助約旦。

肯亞大旱240萬人恐陷飢荒「連提水的驢子都死了」水源地得走40公里

2021年10月18日週一上午11:28·2 分鐘 (閱讀時間)

馬薩比特郡（Marsabit County）牧民正在放牧羊隻，還可見到因乾旱已經死亡的牛隻骸骨。圖片來源：REUTERS

肯亞北部乾旱益加頻發，近來面臨連續第二季缺乏降雨，代表11月前240萬人將面臨糧食危機；聯合國資料顯示，當地超過46.5萬名5歲以下兒童及9.3萬位孕期及哺乳期婦女營養不良。雪上加霜的是，食物價格不斷攀升，如該區的馬薩比特郡（Marsabit County）的食物價格比其他地方高出16％。協助發放政府捐贈食品的牧民洛洛朱（Moses Loloju）表示，「山羊賣不出去，母牛更難賣，我們的孩子都在挨餓。」

慈善機構「國際培幼會」（Plan International）工作人員表示，過往的乾旱周期較長，約5至10年一次，且大部分可預測，但現在1、2年就一次，甚至每年都有，使牧場與水源無法即時再生。

肯亞北部馬薩比特郡（Marsabit County）牧民9日招呼牲畜飲水。圖片來源：REUTERS

牧民巴傑里（Bargeri）表示，「還活著的動物也沒什麼可吃的，牠們很虛弱，根本無法達到水源地。」他說自己用來打水的驢子也死了，現在只能提著水桶去打水；有牧民則稱，需行走40公里才能到達水源。根據美國政府資料顯示，從1985年到2015年，肯亞北部氣溫每10年就上升0.34度，預計只會持續升溫，未來50年熱浪發生的時間也會增加9至30天，恐加劇農業與畜牧業民眾生存危機。

延伸閱讀》久旱不雨全球上演伊拉克濕地變鹹.水牛生病

如果水痘疫苗可以使用 20 年，為什麼不打 COVID-19 疫苗？

第三次助推會是我們的最後一次嗎？Isareli 醫生解釋了其背後的科學。

作者：瑪雅·賈夫·霍夫曼

2021 年 10 月 18 日 23:36

2021 年 9 月 30 日，衛生工作者在耶路撒冷的 Clalit 臨時衛生保健中心準備 Covid-19 疫苗。

（照片來源：YONATAN SINDEL/FLASH90）

麻疹疫苗是永久有效的。水痘疫苗的有效期長達 20 年。DTaP（白喉、破傷風和百日咳）需要在 7 歲之前註射 5 劑，但隨後可提供至少 10 年的保護。

那麼為什麼我們假設我們必須每六個月或一年註射一次冠狀病毒疫苗呢？

個人可能至少每年都需要 COVID 助推器是有原因的，但實際上第三次注射可能是我們的最後一次注射也有一些原因。

特拉維夫大學薩克勒醫學院的 Oren Kobiler 博士解釋說，我們可能需要第四次（或第五次或第六次）注射的第一個原因是我們自身抗體和免疫反應的衰退。

最近的研究表明，輝瑞（Pfizer）冠狀病毒疫苗在 4 到 6 個月後失效，使個人更容易感染。一個助推器劑量不正是它的名字所暗示的：它能增強我們的抗體，提供針對病毒的更好的保護。

2021 年 8 月 1 日，一名以色列老人在耶路撒冷的 Clalit 診所接受了第三次 COVID-19 加強注射。（圖片來源：MARC ISRAEL SELLEM/THE JERUSALEM POST）

我們可能需要重複注射的另一個原因是變異，或者在科學術語中稱為“抗原漂移”。如果病毒一直在變化，那麼我們的疫苗就需要更新以抵禦最新的威脅。

一些病毒，如脊髓灰質炎、麻疹和腮腺炎，變化不大，因此疫苗仍然有效。相比之下，流感每年都在變化，因此人們會接種一種新的流感疫苗來預防它。

“疫苗是一種保護，”巴伊蘭大學醫學院分子病毒學實驗室負責人 Meital Gal Tanamy 教授說。“保護期取決於疫苗和病毒。”

“變種是一種包含突變的病毒，如果它具有進化優勢，它可以在人群中佔據主導地位，”她說，並補充說這就是 Delta 變種發生的情況。“另一個問題是我們擁有的疫苗對這些變體的有效性如何。”

冠狀病毒是一種 RNA 病毒，這意味著它會發生變化。然而，與流感病毒相比，它的突變率要低三到四倍，這對疫苗製造商來說是個好消息，Gal Tanamy 說。

另一件需要考慮的事情是疫苗誘導的免疫反應到底有多好。

“如果疫苗的目的是預防感染，那麼它需要導致產生良好的記憶細胞反應——B 細胞和 T 細胞是由疫苗誘導但留在我們體內的細胞，”Gal Tanamy 說. “如果一個人被感染，這些細胞就會被激活，並對病原體產生快速而良好的反應，這就是為什麼我們接種疫苗後不會生病的原因。”

那麼問題是我們是否對我們擁有的疫苗產生了良好的記憶反應。

最近的論文表明，即使中和抗體減弱，疫苗仍然具有良好的記憶反應。

那麼，為什麼要使用助推器呢？

因為，科比勒說，助推器不僅可以阻止嚴重的疾病，還旨在阻止感染——這是疫苗的高標準。

“大多數疫苗用於預防嚴重感染，而不是任何感染，”他說。“在這裡，我們要求疫苗預防任何和所有疾病，防止感染蔓延。

“世界上大多數人不需要加強注射來預防他們患上嚴重疾病，但他們確實需要它來防止他們感染冠狀病毒並將其傳播給其他人。”

加爾·塔納米強調，即使是注射了兩次疫苗的人，由於他們的記憶細胞，“仍然可以很好地保護他們免受嚴重疾病的侵害”。

但也有理由相信這第三槍可能是最後一槍。

許多兒童疫苗接種了 3 次，不再接種，例如脊髓灰質炎疫苗和針對乳頭狀瘤病毒的 HPV 疫苗。例如後者，如果在 15 歲以後服用，需要三劑，第一劑後一個月和六個月，然後它會持續一生，據科學家目前所知。

另一個想法是可以改變給藥方式，使疫苗更有效。

例如，最近的幾篇論文表明，如果第一次和第二次注射間隔八週甚至 12 周而不是三週，輝瑞疫苗會產生更強大的免疫力，科比勒說。

“現在，第三劑是在六個月後（第二劑之後），我不確定我們是否還需要另一劑加強劑，”他說。

科比勒補充說，也有科學家認為，與以前的冠狀病毒一樣，這種大流行最終會成為地方性流行病，並且不會那麼嚴重，接種疫苗的需要很快就會變得沒有必要。

“由於我們對其他冠狀病毒的了解，我更傾向於這種觀點，”他說。“通常，它們在年輕時被發現並導致非常輕微的疾病。那些在年輕時接觸過它們的人，長大後往往不會患上嚴重的疾病。”

加爾·塔納米說，最後，在抗體的數量和質量方面，每種增強劑都會激發更好的免疫反應。她說，免疫反應變得“更具體”，抗體“更有效”。

那麼，我們是否需要終生接種 COVID 疫苗？

“只有時間會證明一切，”科比勒說。

If the chickenpox vaccine lasts 20 years, why not the COVID-19 shot?

Will the third booster shot be our last? Isareli doctors explain the science behind it.

By MAAYAN JAFFE-HOFFMAN

OCTOBER 18, 2021 23:36

The measles vaccine lasts forever. The chickenpox vaccine is good for as long as 20 years. The DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis) requires five doses before the age of seven, but then it offers protection for at least 10 years.

So why do we assume that we will have to get a shot of the coronavirus vaccine every six months or year?

There are reasons why individuals might need a COVID booster at least every year, but also some reasons why the third shot may, in fact, be our last.

The first reason we might need a fourth (or fifth or sixth) shot is because of the decay of our own antibodies and immune response, explained Dr. Oren Kobiler of Tel Aviv University’s Sackler Faculty of Medicine.

Recent studies have shown that the Pfizer coronavirus vaccine wanes after four to six months, making individuals more prone to infection. A booster dose does exactly what its name implies: It boosts our antibodies, offering greater protection against the virus.

An elderly Israeli is seen receiving the third COVID-19 booster shot at a Clalit clinic in Jerusalem, on August 1, 2021. (credit: MARC ISRAEL SELLEM/THE JERUSALEM POST)

Another reason we might need repeated shots is due to variants, or what is known in scientific terms as “antigenic drift.” If the virus is always changing, then our vaccines will need to be updated to protect against the latest threat.

Some viruses, such as polio, measles and mumps, do not change a lot, hence the vaccines continue to be effective. In contrast, influenza changes every year, so people receive a new flu vaccine to protect against it.

“The vaccine is the protection,” said Prof. Meital Gal Tanamy, head of the Molecular Virology Lab at Bar-Ilan University’s Faculty of Medicine. “The period of protection is dependent on the vaccine and the virus.”

Former Secretary of State Rex Tillerson Buys Retired Baseball Star Vernon Wells’s Texas VillaSponsored by Mansion Global

“A variant is a virus that contains mutations, and if it has evolutionary advantages, it can take over in the population,” she said, adding that this is what happened with the Delta variant. “The other question is how effective against these variants the vaccines we have will be.”

Coronavirus is an RNA virus, which means it changes. However, its mutation rate is three to four times less compared with the influenza virus, which is good news for vaccine makers, Gal Tanamy said.

Another thing to consider is how good the immune response really is that is induced by the vaccine.

“If the purpose of a vaccine is to prevent infection, then it needs to lead to the creation of a good memory cell response – B cells and T cells that are cells induced by the vaccine but that stay in our body,” Gal Tanamy said. “If a person becomes infected, these cells are activated and can create a fast and good response against the pathogen, which is why we do not get sick if we are vaccinated.”

The question then is whether or not we get a good memory response with the vaccines that we have.

Recent papers have shown that even as neutralizing antibodies wane, the vaccine still has a good memory response.

So, why take the booster then?

Because, Kobiler said, the booster is not only stopping serious disease, it is also aimed at halting infection – a high bar for a vaccine.

“Most vaccines are used to prevent serious infection and not any infection,” he said. “Here we are asking the vaccine to prevent any and all disease, to prevent the infection from spreading.

“Most people in the world don’t need the booster shot to prevent them from getting serious disease, but they do need it to prevent them from getting corona and spreading it to other people.”

Gal Tanamy stressed that even people with two shots are “still very much protected from severe disease” because of their memory cells.

But there are also reasons to believe that this third shot could be the last.

Many childhood vaccines are taken three times and no more, such as the polio vaccine and the HPV vaccine against the papilloma virus. The latter, for example, if taken after the age of 15, needs three doses, one month and six months after the first dose, and then it lasts a lifetime, as far as scientists currently know.

Another idea is that the administration regime could be altered to make the vaccines more effective.

Several recent papers suggest, for example, that the Pfizer vaccine creates a more robust immunity if the first and second shots are given eight or even 12 weeks apart instead of three, Kobiler said.

“Now, with the third dose being given at six months [after the second dose], I am not sure we will ever need another booster,” he said.

There are also scientists who believe that like previous coronaviruses, the pandemic will eventually become endemic and less severe, and the need to vaccinate will soon become unnecessary, Kobiler added.

“I am more inclined to that point of view because of what we know of other coronaviruses,” he said. “Usually, they are caught at a young age and cause very mild disease. And those that are exposed to them at a young age tend not to suffer from severe disease when they are older.”

Finally, each booster sparks a better immune response, both in terms of quantity and quality of antibodies than the one before, Gal Tanamy said. The immune response becomes “more specific” and the antibodies “more efficient,” she said.

So, will we or won’t we need to vaccinate against COVID for life?

“Only time will tell,” Kobiler said.

“我們的 COVID 疫苗與阿斯利康的疫苗一樣好或更好”- Valneva

一項研究表明，Valneva 的疫苗，間隔 28 天分兩次注射，引起的不良反應顯著減少，例如手臂疼痛和發燒。

通過路透

2021 年 10 月 18 日 20:09

Valneva SE 週一表示，其實驗性 COVID-19疫苗在比較兩者的後期試驗中表現出的療效“至少與阿斯利康（AstraZeneca）的注射劑一樣好，甚至更好” ，並且不良副作用明顯減少。

Valneva 是少數幾家針對已經在使用的疫苗進行疫苗測試的製藥商之一，他們希望其候選疫苗使用比 mRNA 疫苗更傳統的技術，這對於仍然不願接種疫苗的歐洲人來說可能是一個更令人放心的選擇。

該試驗的首席研究員亞當芬恩在電話中對記者說：“我們需要在國內和國際上提供真正重要的疫苗劑量，這些劑量是針對那些尚未接種的疫苗。” “這是我們的首要任務。”

他說，Valneva 的 VLA2001 疫苗引發了明顯更強的免疫反應，這表明在抗體反應方面對 COVID-19 的保護“至少與阿斯利康疫苗一樣好，甚至更好”。

芬恩指出，這兩種疫苗都非常有效，尤其是針對嚴重疾病。在試驗期間，沒有參與者因 COVID-19 住院。

2021 年 5 月 21 日，在菲律賓馬尼拉大都會達義市的一輛巴士內，衛生工作者向最近接種了阿斯利康疫苗 (COVID-19) 的居民提供疫苗接種卡（圖片來源：REUTERS/LISA MARIE）大衛）

更令人放心的是，Valneva 的試驗是在高度傳播的冠狀病毒 Delta 變體（導致最近全球 COVID-19 住院和死亡人數激增的原因）已經廣泛傳播的同時進行的。

該研究還表明，Valneva 的疫苗，間隔 28 天分兩次注射，引起的不良反應顯著減少，例如手臂疼痛和發燒。

Valneva 在巴黎上市的股票上漲了約 33% - 有望創下有史以來最好的一天 - 自 1 月以來上漲了一倍多，儘管上個月英國因擔心疫苗可能無法獲得批准而取消了約 1 億劑疫苗的合同.

英國首相鮑里斯約翰遜的一位發言人表示，結果並沒有改變政府的決定，儘管英國的藥品監管機構會在收到完整數據後對結果進行審查。

Valneva 表示，它的目標是在 11 月向英國監管機構提交數據，以便在 2021 年底之前獲得批准，並希望在明年 3 月底之前獲得歐盟的批准。

該公司計劃繼續在蘇格蘭的一個工廠生產疫苗。

這家法國公司正在擴大其試驗範圍，以覆蓋青少年和老年人，並希望在獲得 18-55 歲人群的批准後將批准擴大到這些群體。

'Our COVID vaccine as good or better than AstraZeneca's' - Valneva

A study showed that Valneva's vaccine, given in two shots 28 days apart, prompted significantly fewer adverse reactions, such as arm pain and fever.

By REUTERS

OCTOBER 18, 2021 20:09

The logo of Valneva SE is pictured at the company's headquarters in Saint-Herblain, near Nantes, France, September 13, 2021.

(photo credit: REUTERS/STEPHANE MAHE)

Valneva SE on Monday said its experimental COVID-19 vaccine demonstrated efficacy "at least as good, if not better" than AstraZeneca's shot in a late-stage trial comparing the two, with significantly fewer adverse side effects.

Valneva, among a handful of drugmakers testing their vaccines against one already in use, is hoping its candidate, which uses more traditional technology than the mRNA vaccines, could be a more reassuring option for Europeans still reluctant to be immunized.

"The really important vaccine doses that we need to give, both nationally and internationally, are to those that have not yet been immunized," the trial's lead investigator Adam Finn told reporters on a call. "That's our priority."

Valneva's VLA2001 vaccine triggered a significantly stronger immune response, he said, suggesting that protection against COVID-19 in terms of antibody response would be "at least as good, if not better than the AstraZeneca vaccine."

Finn noted that both vaccines were highly effective, particularly against severe disease. No participants were hospitalized with COVID-19 during the trial.

Health workers provide vaccination cards to residents recently inoculated with AstraZeneca vaccine against the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), inside a bus converted into a mobile vaccination site in Taguig, Metro Manila, Philippines, May 21, 2021 (credit: REUTERS/LISA MARIE DAVID)

Adding additional reassurance, Valneva's trial was conducted while the highly transmissible Delta variant of the coronavirus, responsible for recent global spikes in COVID-19 hospitalization and death, was already circulating widely.

The study also showed that Valneva's vaccine, given in two shots 28 days apart, prompted significantly fewer adverse reactions, such as arm pain and fever.

Valneva's Paris-listed shares were up about 33% - on track for their best day ever - and have more than doubled since January, despite plunging last month, when Britain scrapped a contract for around 100 million doses over concerns the vaccine might not receive approval.

A spokesperson for UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson said the results did not change the government's decision, though Britain's medicines watchdog would review the results once it receives the full data.

Valneva said it aims to submit the data to Britain's regulator in November for possible approval by the end of 2021 and hopes to win approval from the EU by the end of March next year.

The company plans to continue manufacturing its vaccines at a site in Scotland.

The French company is expanding its trials to cover both adolescents and the elderly and hopes to extend approval to these groups after it obtains approval for people aged 18-55.

COVID：以色列向受輝瑞影響的人提供阿斯利康疫苗

自大流行開始以來，該國正處於 8,000 人死亡的邊緣。

作者：羅塞拉·特卡特

2021 年 10 月 18 日 18:34

以色列衛生部周一宣布，從周四開始，以色列將開始提供接受冠狀病毒阿斯利康疫苗的選項。

該疫苗將通過特定的醫療轉診提供給那些因醫療原因無法接種 mRNA 疫苗或在輝瑞之後出現嚴重副作用的人，或在其他特殊情況下。

阿斯利康（AstraZeneca）的疫苗基於與輝瑞（Pfizer）和 Moderna 的疫苗不同的技術，後者都是信使 RNA 疫苗。阿斯利康使用弱化的動物病毒作為病毒載體。它含有冠狀病毒刺突蛋白，因此人體細胞將能夠識別它並產生抗體。

Moderna 已獲得歐洲藥品管理局和其他衛生機構的緊急批准，但尚未獲得美國食品和藥物管理局的批准。

與 mRNA Pfizer 和 Moderna 疫苗一樣，阿斯利康也需要兩劑。

2021 年 3 月 19 日，意大利都靈，一名醫護人員展示了一瓶和一盒阿斯利康冠狀病毒病 (COVID-19) 疫苗，由於擔心可能與血凝塊有關而暫停使用疫苗後，疫苗接種恢復。（來源：路透社/MASSIMO PINCA/文件照片）

接受兩次阿斯利康注射的人和在接受輝瑞疫苗接種後接受第二次阿斯利康注射的人將在第二次注射後 14 天被視為完全受保護。

接受阿斯利康加強注射的個人也將在兩週後被視為接種（對于輝瑞來說是在 7 天后）。

截至週一，620 萬以色列人至少接種了一劑冠狀病毒疫苗，570 萬人至少接種了兩劑，380 萬人也接種了加強劑。

衛生官員和專家認為，成功的助推器是使該國能夠在不實施任何重大限制的情況下擺脫第四波疫情的決定性因素。

週日登記了大約 1,199 例新病例。一個月前，有超過 6,500 個。

重症患者人數也繼續減少，週一降至 372 人，比四個星期前減少了約 350 人。

週一，自大流行開始以來，以色列預計將有 8,000 人死亡。早上，死亡人數為7,999人。

在過去一個月中，平均每天有 15 人死於該病毒。自 10 月初以來，已有 213 人死於新冠肺炎。

COVID: Israel to give AstraZeneca vaccine to those affected by Pfizer

The country is on the cusp of 8,000 deaths since the beginning of the pandemic.

By ROSSELLA TERCATIN

OCTOBER 18, 2021 18:34

A vial and sryinge are seen in front of a displayed AstraZeneca logo in this illustration taken January 11, 2021

(photo credit: DADO RUVIC/REUTERS)

Israel will start offering the option of receiving a coronavirus AstraZeneca vaccine starting from Thursday, the Health Ministry announced Monday.

The vaccine will be available with a specific medical referral, which will be given to those who cannot receive an mRNA vaccine for medical reasons or who have experienced significant side effects after Pfizer, or in other special circumstances.

The vaccine by AstraZeneca is based on a different technology than Pfizer’s and Moderna’s, which are both messenger RNA vaccines. AstraZeneca uses a weakened animal virus as a viral vector. It contains the coronavirus spike protein so that the body’s cells will be able to recognize it and produce antibodies.

Moderna has received emergency approval from the European Medicines Agency and other health bodies, but not from the US Food and Drug Administration.

As in the case of the mRNA Pfizer and Moderna vaccines, AstraZeneca also requires two doses.

A healthcare worker shows a vial and a box of the AstraZeneca coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccine, as vaccinations resume after a brief pause in their use over concern for possible connection to blood clots, in Turin, Italy, March 19, 2021. (credit: REUTERS/MASSIMO PINCA/FILE PHOTO)

Individuals who receive two AstraZeneca shots and those who get a second shot of AstraZeneca after receiving one Pfizer vaccination will be considered fully protected 14 days after the second shot.

Individuals who receive a booster shot of AstraZeneca will also be considered inoculated after two weeks (for Pfizer it is after seven days).

As of Monday, 6.2 million Israelis have received at least one dose of a coronavirus vaccine, 5.7 million at least two and 3.8 million have been inoculated also with a booster.

The successful booster drive has been credited by health officials and experts as the decisive factor allowing the country to leave the fourth wave behind without imposing any major restrictions.

Some 1,199 new cases were registered on Sunday. A month earlier there were more than 6,500.

The number of serious patients also continued to decrease, dropping to 372 on Monday, around 350 less than four weeks earlier.

On Monday Israel was expected to pass 8,000 deaths since the beginning of the pandemic. In the morning, the death toll stood at 7,999.

In the past month, on average, 15 people succumbed to the virus every day. Since the beginning of October, 213 people have died of COVID.

為什麼對阿富汗清真寺的襲擊不是危害人類罪？

這種攻擊一般被國際社會忽視——國際法庭在哪裡？

作者：SETH J. FRANZMAN

2021 年 10 月 18 日 22:05

2020 年 6 月 12 日，阿富汗喀布爾，人們檢查清真寺內的爆炸現場。

（圖片來源：路透社/穆罕默德·伊斯梅爾）

最近在襲擊阿富汗清真寺時對穆斯林的大規模謀殺造成數百人傷亡。

這首先發生在 10 月 9 日，有近 100 人死亡，然後在星期五再次發生在坎大哈，導致近 50 人死亡。這些是星期五祈禱期間的有針對性的襲擊，旨在對什葉派穆斯林進行種族滅絕。

儘管如此，此類襲擊通常被國際社會忽視。支持導致襲擊什葉派的極端主義的國家，例如巴基斯坦支持塔利班等極端主義分子，一般不會譴責這些襲擊。然而，同樣的國家傾向於在西方大聲疾呼“伊斯蘭恐懼症”，並譴責對新西蘭等地清真寺的襲擊。

為什麼對阿富汗清真寺的襲擊不被視為危害人類罪？這是困擾國際社會如何應對種族滅絕的持久問題之一。

針對哈扎拉什葉派的宗教和少數民族的有針對性的攻擊通常被定義為種族滅絕。此外，塔利班、基地組織和現在的伊斯蘭國等組織對哈扎拉人進行的種族清洗和歧視，往往符合種族滅絕的定義。

這就引出了一個問題，即在海牙或其他地點對 ISIS 成員和其他針對阿富汗、巴基斯坦、伊拉克、敘利亞和許多其他國家的宗教和少數民族的團體進行戰爭罪審判。例如，伊斯蘭國在伊拉克對雅茲迪人進行種族滅絕，對 50 萬社區進行種族清洗，並將婦女和兒童賣為奴隸。ISIS 的所作所為與大屠殺相似。他們圍捕雅茲迪人，將男人和女人分開，賣掉女人，用機槍掃射男人，就像別動隊在白俄羅斯和烏克蘭等地對猶太人所做的那樣。

博科聖地等其他組織也在尼日利亞實施了類似的犯罪活動，綁架婦女和襲擊清真寺。然而，似乎有一種國際共識，即博科聖地、基地組織、伊斯蘭國、青年黨和塔利班等組織從未犯下危害人類罪、種族清洗罪或種族滅絕罪。他們甚至沒有因戰爭罪而受到審判。為什麼會出現這種情況，存在各種藉口。所涉及的團體通常被視為恐怖團體和非國家行為者。沒有設立特別法庭來起訴這些罪行。這些是國家，他們沒有可以被指控的國家元首。

這個盲點是可以糾正的，因為這些團體的行為與其他因種族滅絕和危害人類罪而被調查的團體的行為沒有任何區別。前南斯拉夫問題國際刑事法庭由聯合國安理會於 1993 年成立，對 1991 年以來在前南斯拉夫境內犯下的罪行具有管轄權。它調查嚴重違反日內瓦公約、違反戰爭法律或慣例、種族滅絕，以及危害人類罪。它起訴了前國家元首、將軍和地方民兵領導人。

歸根結底，在伊拉克、敘利亞、阿富汗或其他國家，當這些人被 ISIS 等組織掠奪時，沒有國際法庭來幫助保護這些人的原因是，大國之間沒有興趣擁有這些人各種法庭了。1990年代是國際秩序中的法治對美國霸權至關重要的時代。冷戰後，喬治·H·W·布什領導下的美國希望建立新的世界秩序。柬埔寨法院特別法庭成立於 1997 年，旨在調查柬埔寨的種族滅絕事件。蘇丹的奧馬爾·巴希爾 (Omar Bashir) 在 2009 年和 2010 年被逮捕。

但如今，世界由不在乎種族滅絕的專制政權領導。其中包括土耳其和巴基斯坦等國家，它們負責煽動極端主義之風，導致對哈扎拉什葉派的襲擊。2013 年至 2015 年，加入 ISIS 的 50,000 名外國人中的大多數人（其中許多人從事種族滅絕行為）從土耳其過境到敘利亞。他們中的一些人隨後返回土耳其，然後返回伊德利卜省。他們中的一些人被發現帶走了被綁架的雅茲迪少數民族成員。這相當於艾希曼不僅逃離納粹，而且還帶著猶太人到阿根廷繼續他的虐待。

對阿富汗哈扎拉人的襲擊旨在殺害少數人。這些攻擊已經持續了幾十年。雖然一些媒體為這些襲擊辯解並將其美化為“恐怖主義”，但現實是它們並沒有政治恐怖主義目的。它們類似於伊斯蘭國對清真寺、教堂和禮拜場所的其他襲擊。它們只是一種殺害少數民族的形式。沒有其他動機可以將這些行為與可能尋求政治目標的恐怖主義形式區分開來。與阿富汗的情況不同，ISIS 的罪行被討論為種族滅絕，但 ISIS 成員並未因種族滅絕而受到審判。這意味著伊斯蘭國犯下的危害人類罪沒有法律先例。即使是被抓獲的高調ISIS成員，比如所謂的“披頭士”，他們在 2014 年被指控謀殺了一些西方人，但並未被指控犯有危害人類罪。他們通常只是因為針對美國人而受到指控和引渡。他們對雅茲迪人的罪行沒有受到起訴。這似乎類似於指控納粹轟炸考文垂或處決盟軍，但不是因為奧斯維辛的罪行。

歸根結底，最近阿富汗什葉派襲擊事件的增加，恰逢祈禱時間，但由於悄悄支持塔利班的國家，其中許多也接受宗教極端主義，並因為國際社會已經放棄了執行國際法的嘗試。

Why aren’t attacks on mosques in Afghanistan a crime against humanity?

Such attacks are generally ignored by the international community - where are the international court tribunals?

By SETH J. FRANTZMAN

OCTOBER 18, 2021 22:05

Men inspect the site of a blast inside a mosque in Kabul, Afghanistan June 12, 2020.

(photo credit: REUTERS/MOHAMMAD ISMAIL)

Recent mass murders of Muslims in attacks on mosques in Afghanistan have resulted in casualties numbering in the hundreds.

This first occurred on October 9, with nearly 100 dead, and then again on Friday in Kandahar, which led to the deaths of almost fifty people. These are targeted attacks, during Friday prayers, designed to commit genocide against Shi’ite Muslims.

Despite all that, such attacks are generally ignored by the international community. Countries that have backed the kind of extremism that leads to attacks on Shi’ites, such as Pakistan’s support for extremists like the Taliban, generally prefer not to condemn these attacks. Yet the same countries tend to speak out about “Islamophobia” in the West and condemn attacks on mosques in places like New Zealand.

Why aren’t attacks on mosques in Afghanistan considered a crime against humanity? This is one of the enduring questions that linger over how the international community confronts genocide.

Targeted attacks against religious and ethnic minorities, which the Hazara Shi’ites are, usually would be defined as genocide. In addition, the kind of ethnic cleansing and discrimination against Hazaras that groups like the Taliban, Al Qaeda and now ISIS have conducted, would tend to fit into the definition of genocide.

This begs question of where the war crimes trials are in the Hague or other locations for members of ISIS and other groups that have targeted religious and ethnic minorities in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq, Syria and many other countries. ISIS, for instance, genocided Yazidis in Iraq, ethnically cleansing half a million of the community and selling women and children into slavery. What ISIS did was similar to the Holocaust. They rounded up the Yazidis, separated men, and women and sold the women, and machine-gunned the men, like the Einsatzgruppen did to Jews in places like Belarus and Ukraine.

Other groups such as Boko Haram have carried out similar crimes in Nigeria, kidnapping women and attacking mosques. However, there appears to be an international consensus that groups such as Boko Haram, Al Qaeda, ISIS, Al-Shabab, and the Taliban are never guilty of crimes against humanity, ethnic cleansing, or genocide. They are not even put on trial for war crimes. Various excuses exist for why this is the case. The groups involved are often considered terrorist groups and non-state actors. There are no special tribunals created to prosecute these crimes. These are states and they don’t have a head of state that can be charged.

This blind spot could be rectified since there is nothing that separates the actions of these groups from others who have been investigated for genocide and crimes against humanity. The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia was established by the UNSC in 1993 and had jurisdiction over crimes committed on the territory of the former Yugoslavia since 1991. It investigated grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions, violations of the laws or customs of war, genocide, and crimes against humanity. It indicted former heads of state, generals and local militia leaders.

At the end of the day the reason there is no international tribunal to help protect minorities in Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan, or other countries when those people are being preyed upon by groups like ISIS is because there is no interest among large countries to have these kinds of tribunals anymore. The 1990s was an era where the rule of law in the international order was important to US hegemony. The US under George H.W Bush wanted a new world order after the Cold War. The Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia was established in 1997 to investigate the Cambodian genocide. Omar Bashir in Sudan was indicated on warrants in 2009 and 2010.

But these days the world is led by authoritarian regimes who don’t care about genocide. These include countries like Turkey and Pakistan that are responsible for fanning the winds of extremism that lead to attacks on Hazara Shi’ites. Most of the 50,000 foreigners who joined ISIS, many of whom engaged in acts of genocide, transitted through Turkey to Syria in 2013-2015. Some of them subsequently went back to Turkey and then to Idlib province. Some of them were found to have taken kidnapped members of the Yazidi minority with them. That would be equivalent to Eichman not just fleeing the Nazis but taking Jews with him to Argentina to continue his abuses.

The attacks on Hazaras in Afghanistan are targeting killings of a minority. These attacks have gone for decades. While some media excuse and glorify these attacks as “terrorism” the reality is they have no political terrorist purpose to them. They are similar to other ISIS attacks on mosques, churches and places of worship. They are solely a form of killing minorities. There is no other motive, which tends to separate these acts from forms of terrorism that may seek a political objective. Unlike in the case of Afghanistan, the crimes of ISIS have been discussed as genocide, but ISIS members have not been put on trial for genocide. This means there is no legal precedent for the crimes against humanity perpetrated by ISIS. Even high profile ISIS members who have been captured, such as the so-called “Beatles” who are accused of murdering a number of westerners in 2014, have not been charged with crimes against humanity. They have generally only been charged and renditioned because they targeted Americans. Their crimes against Yazidis have not been prosecuted. That appears similar to charging the Nazis with bombing Coventry or executing Allied troops, but not for the crimes Auschwitz.

In the final analysis the recent uptick of attacks on Shi’ites in Afghanistan, timed to coincide with prayers, are not being fully prosecuted because of the countries that have quietly backed the Taliban, many of which also accept religious extremism, and because the international community has walked away from attempts at enforcing international laws.

內塔尼亞胡：是時候停止使用拉賓謀殺來玷污右派了

外交部長亞伊爾·拉皮德說，刺客伊加爾·埃米爾的意識形態繼承人現在是以色列議會議員。

通過GIL HOFFMAN

2021 年 10 月 18 日 21:50

週一為被殺害的總理伊扎克·拉賓舉行的年度追悼會成為政治戰場，政客們利用 1995 年的暗殺來攻擊他們的對手。

反對黨領袖本雅明內塔尼亞胡抵制拉賓的墓地儀式，因為他知道他會受到攻擊。拉賓的孫子約納坦·本·阿齊（Yonatan Ben Artzi）過去曾在推特上表示希望內塔尼亞胡感染冠狀病毒，他在儀式上說，內塔尼亞胡失去權力是對“暴政文化”的勝利。

內塔尼亞胡在以色列議會舉行的追悼儀式上說，他沒有參加一個一再被用來貶低他的政治陣營，尤其是他自己的活動，這是有道理的。

內塔尼亞胡說：“26 年來，有人利用拉賓遇刺事件玷污了國家的大部分地區、我引以為豪的右翼以及我個人。” “現在是停止向我們講道的時候了。”

內塔尼亞胡回憶說，在暗殺之前，他在每個階段都說拉賓既不是敵人也不是叛徒，而是他錯了。他還回憶說，他同意拉賓在他被謀殺前幾週在以色列議會發表的最後一次演講中所說的大部分內容。

以色列議會前總理伊扎克·拉賓的紀念碑，2021 年 10 月 18 日（圖片來源：DANNY SHEMTOV/KNESSET SPOKESPERSON'S OFFICE）

內塔尼亞胡回憶說，拉賓告訴以色列議會，巴勒斯坦人不會建立一個國家，廣闊的約旦河谷將留在以色列，耶路撒冷仍將是以色列永恆和不可分割的首都。他還指出，拉賓警告世界反對伊朗。

在納夫塔利·貝內特總理的講話沒有受到質疑後，外交部長亞伊爾·拉皮德利用他的講話攻擊內塔尼亞胡及其政治盟友。

拉皮德說：“以色列的大斗爭不是左派和右派之間，而是那些相信民主的人和試圖摧毀它的人之間。”他聲稱在當前的政治僵局中鬥爭仍在繼續。

在 Yesh Atid 領導人說當前的 MK 是拉賓的刺客 Yigal Amir 的意識形態繼承人之後，宗教猶太復國主義黨領袖 Bezalel Smotrich 質問拉皮德。拉皮德說，如果現任政府沒有成立，這些繼承人將成為內塔尼亞胡領導下的內閣部長。

MK Itamar Ben-Gvir（宗教猶太復國主義黨）抵制了所有拉賓紀念活動。他說左派沒有吸取謀殺的教訓，繼續煽動反對右派。

貝內特在謀殺案發生時還是一名士兵，他回憶說，在以色列國防軍兩年未佩戴 kippah 之後，他又重新佩戴了它，因為整個宗教-猶太復國主義社區都被歸咎於暗殺。

他說：“我希望自暗殺事件發生以來，以色列社會已經了解暴力的危險性，但也了解到不能讓整個部門保持沉默。” “右翼沒有謀殺拉賓；宗教並沒有謀殺拉賓：伊加爾·阿米爾謀殺了拉賓。”

Yamina MK Shirley Pinto 在推特上表示，內塔尼亞胡在謀殺前犯有煽動罪，現在仍在繼續煽動。後來，她迫於黨內領導層的壓力刪除了這條推文。

拉賓領導的政黨現任領導人梅拉夫米凱利說，他明白為了對抗伊朗，以色列必須與鄰國和解。她回憶說，拉賓是第一位與摩洛哥和解的以色列總理。

以色列議會發言人米基·利維 (Mickey Levy) 向其他政黨領導人提供了在以色列議會儀式上發言的機會，但他們拒絕了。

Netanyahu: Time to stop using Rabin murder to stain Right

Assassin Yigal Amir's ideological heirs are now Members of Knesset, Foreign Minister Yair Lapid said.

By GIL HOFFMAN

OCTOBER 18, 2021 21:50

Opposition leader Benjamin Netanyahu speaking in the Knesset.

(photo credit: NOAM MOSKOVICH)

The annual memorial ceremonies for slain prime minister Yitzhak Rabin on Monday became a political battleground in which politicians used the 1995 assassination to attack their rivals.

Opposition leader Benjamin Netanyahu boycotted the graveside ceremony for Rabin because he knew he would be attacked. Rabin’s grandson Yonatan Ben Artzi, who in the past tweeted that he hoped Netanyahu would get the coronavirus, said at the ceremony that Netanyahu losing power was a victory over “a culture of tyranny.”

Speaking at a memorial ceremony in the Knesset, Netanyahu said he was justified in not attending an event repeatedly used to disparage his political camp in general and himself in particular.

“For 26 years, there have been those who have used the Rabin assassination to stain a large sector of the nation, the Right that I am proud to represent, and me personally,” Netanyahu said. “The time has come to stop preaching to us.”

Netanyahu recalled that ahead of the assassination, he said on every stage that Rabin was neither an enemy nor a traitor, but rather that he was mistaken. He also recalled that he had agreed with much of what Rabin said in his last speech to the Knesset, weeks before his murder.

The memorial for former prime minister Yitzhak Rabin in the Knesset, October 18, 2021 (credit: DANNY SHEMTOV/KNESSET SPOKESPERSON'S OFFICE)

Rabin told the Knesset that the Palestinians would not get a state, that a wide Jordan Valley would stay in Israel and that Jerusalem would remain Israel’s eternal and undivided capital, Netanyahu recalled. He also noted that Rabin warned the world against Iran.

After a speech by Prime Minister Naftali Bennett was not heckled, Foreign Minister Yair Lapid used his address to attack Netanyahu and his political allies.

“The big struggle in Israel is not between Left and Right but between those who believe in democracy and those who are trying to destroy it,” Lapid said, alleging that the struggle has continued during the current political impasse.

Religious Zionist Party leader Bezalel Smotrich heckled Lapid after the Yesh Atid leader said current MKs are ideological heirs of Rabin’s assassin, Yigal Amir. Lapid said that had the current government not been formed, such heirs would be cabinet ministers now under Netanyahu.

MK Itamar Ben-Gvir (Religious Zionist Party) boycotted all the Rabin memorial events. He said the Left had not learned the lessons of the murder and continued to incite against the Right.

Bennett, who was a soldier at the time of the murder, recalled that after two years of not wearing a kippah in the IDF, he returned to wearing it because the religious-Zionist community as a whole was blamed for the assassination.

“I hope that since the assassination, Israeli society has learned how dangerous violence is but has also learned that an entire sector cannot be silenced,” he said. “The Right didn’t murder Rabin; the religious didn’t murder Rabin: Yigal Amir murdered Rabin.”

Yamina MK Shirley Pinto tweeted that Netanyahu was guilty of incitement before the murder and continues to incite now. She later removed the tweet under pressure from her party leadership.

Merav Michaeli, current leader of the party that Rabin led, said he understood that in order to stand up to Iran, Israel had to make peace with its neighbors. She recalled that Rabin was the first Israeli prime minister to make peace with Morocco.

Knesset speaker Mickey Levy offered other party leaders the opportunity to speak at the Knesset ceremony, but they declined.

伊朗將主辦阿富汗和塔利班問題國際會議

俄羅斯、中國、巴基斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、烏茲別克斯坦和土庫曼斯坦的外長將出席會議。

通過耶路撒冷郵報STAFF

2021 年 10 月 18 日 21:38

上個月美軍從阿富汗喀布爾的哈米德卡爾扎伊國際機場撤出後一天，塔利班部隊站崗。

（圖片來源：路透社）

據外媒週一報導，德黑蘭將於 10 月 27 日接待來自與阿富汗和俄羅斯接壤的每個國家的六名外交部長，討論該國在塔利班統治下的未來。

據報導，伊朗外交部發言人在向伊朗媒體發表講話時宣布了這次會議，稱俄羅斯、中國、巴基斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、烏茲別克斯坦和土庫曼斯坦的外交部長將出席會議。

據報導，伊朗外交部長發言人賽義德·哈蒂布扎德 (Saeed Khatibzadeh) 表示：“這六個國家將專注於如何幫助在阿富汗組建一個包容所有族群的政府，以及如何幫助塑造阿富汗和平與安全的未來。

這六個國家上次在 9 月的一次虛擬會議上進行了討論。

1 月，伊朗在德黑蘭接待了塔利班政治領袖毛拉·阿卜杜勒·加尼·巴拉達爾（Mullah Abdul Ghani Baradar），隨後他的武裝團體於 8 月接管了阿富汗。

2021 年 1 月 31 日，伊朗外交部長穆罕默德·賈瓦德·扎里夫在德黑蘭會見了塔利班政治領袖毛拉·阿卜杜勒·加尼·巴爾達爾。（圖片來源：WANA/POOL/REUTERS）

據報導，哈蒂布扎德補充說：“塔利班在維護和平與穩定以及保護包括哈扎拉人和什葉派在內的所有阿富汗團體的健康方面負有直接責任。”

Iran to host international conference on Afghanistan, Taliban

The conference will be attended by foreign ministers from Russia, China, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan.

By JERUSALEM POST STAFF

OCTOBER 18, 2021 21:38

TALIBAN FORCES stand guard a day after the US troops withdrawal from Hamid Karzai International Airport in Kabul, Afghanistan, last month.

(photo credit: REUTERS)

Tehran will host six foreign ministers from every country bordering Afghanistan and Russia on October 27 to discuss the country's future under Taliban rule, foreign reports stated on Monday.

The conference was reportedly announced in Iran's foreign ministry spokesperson address to Iranian media, stating the conference will be attended by foreign ministers from Russia, China, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan.

"The six countries will be focused on how they can help form an inclusive government in Afghanistan with the presence of all ethnic groups, and how they can help shape a future of peace and security in Afghanistan, Iranian foreign minister spokesperson Saeed Khatibzadeh reportedly said.

The six nations last held discussions in a virtual meeting in September.

In January, Iran hosted Taliban political chief Mullah Abdul Ghani Baradar in Tehran, before his armed group took over Afghanistan in August.

Iran's Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif meets Taliban political chief Mullah Abdul Ghani Bardar in Tehran on Jaunary 31, 2021. (credit: WANA/POOL/REUTERS)

"Taliban has a direct responsibility in maintaining peace and stability and to preserve the health of all Afghan groups including the Hazaras and Shias," Khatibzadeh reportedly added.

最近埃及-以色列和解的背後——分析

埃及總統塞西：“當前的現實證實了薩達特總統的願景。”

作者：米娜·納德/媒體熱線

2021 年 10 月 18 日 15:07

2021 年 9 月 13 日，總理納夫塔利·貝內特 (Naftali Bennett) 和埃及總統阿卜杜勒·法塔赫·塞西 (Abdel Fattah al-Sisi)。

（圖片來源：路透社）

自從埃及去年 5 月促成哈馬斯與以色列之間的停火協議以及納夫塔利·貝內特於 6 月成為總理以來，埃以關係重新煥發活力。這給開羅帶來了備受美國追捧的讚譽，並重新確立了埃及在該地區的作用。

埃及總統府發言人、參議院外交關係委員會主席、參議員羅伯特梅嫩德斯 (D-NJ) 在最近訪問開羅時重申，美國政府讚賞埃及為平息加沙地帶和遏制最近升級所做的努力。說過。

發言人繼續說，阿卜杜勒·法塔赫·塞西總統確認埃及支持旨在振興以巴和平進程和恢復談判的各種努力。塞西確認了埃及的堅定立場，即公正和全面的解決方案將保障巴勒斯坦人民的權利並根據國際參考建立其獨立國家，這將為該地區所有人民和平共處開闢前景。

它始於 8 月 18 日情報總長阿巴斯·卡邁勒 (Abbas Kamel) 訪問耶路撒冷。他會見了貝內特 (Bennett)，就加沙問題進行了高層會談。會議期間，卡邁勒邀請塞西總理訪問埃及，這是自 2011 年以來的首次訪問。幾小時後，以色列降低了對南西奈半島的旅行警告級別。

9月13日，塞西和貝內特在沙姆沙伊赫會面。

貝內特說，他們的會談“為未來的深厚關係奠定了基礎”，並補充說，“以色列正日益向該地區國家開放，這種長期承認的基礎是以色列和埃及之間的和平。因此，雙方都必須投資加強這一聯繫，我們今天已經這樣做了。”

會見期間，塞西說：“正如總理所說，我們非常坦率、非常勇敢地發言，我們將繼續為我們兩國和該地區進行更多對話。我告訴閣下，埃及將始終為和平、穩定、建設、發展和重建而努力，絕不會有任何相反的結果。”

2021 年 9 月 13 日，以色列總理納夫塔利·貝內特在埃及沙姆沙伊赫會見埃及總統阿卜杜勒·法塔赫·塞西。（圖片來源：KOBI GIDEON/GPO）

開羅和平協會的前成員、埃及報紙 Al-Masry Al-Youm 的前出版商 Hisham Kassem 告訴媒體，“這一舉動本應在 30 年前發生。但它最終落後於阿聯酋。埃及是所有與阿以關係相關的領導者，為了讓埃及不放棄其地區角色，它開始運營開羅和特拉維夫之間的航班，並可能採取進一步行動以進一步加強關係。”

在 Sisi-Bennett 會談幾個小時後，埃及航空公司列出了每週四趟往返於開羅國際機場和本-古里安機場之間的商業航班。10 月 3 日，埃及航空首架商業航班降落在特拉維夫。首次飛行建立在 40 多年前 1979 年埃及-以色列和平條約中首次製定的條款之上。

大多數想要訪問以色列的埃及人都面臨著無法逾越的障礙。2015年，亞歷山大教皇塔瓦德羅斯二世訪問了耶路撒冷的埃及科普特教堂，主持了耶路撒冷大主教安巴亞伯拉罕的葬禮祈禱後，科普特基督徒才開始再次訪問耶路撒冷。他是幾十年來第一位訪問以色列的科普特教皇，為其他朝聖者打開了大門。

政治社會學教授賽德薩德克告訴媒體專線，“與塞西總統關係密切的教皇塔瓦德羅斯訪問了耶路撒冷並派遣了代表團。” 他指出，“許多科普特人想去耶路撒冷朝聖。”

直到現在，選擇訪問耶路撒冷的朝聖者都乘坐西奈航空公司的航班，該航空公司只在埃及和以色列之間飛行。由於政治原因，該航空公司自 1982 年成立以來一直秘密運營，沒有網站、公開時間表或飛機上的標記。 2002 年，埃及航空公司開始運營西奈航空公司，繼續使用沒有任何標記的飛機。航班未列在埃及航空公司的時刻表中，也未出現在其網站或航線圖上。2020年2月，第三方旅行社開始通過獨立網站辦理網上預訂。

2017 年 2 月，埃及最高憲法法院裁定基督徒有權享受為期一個月的帶薪朝聖假。

布魯塞爾政治經濟學教授 Walid Darwish 告訴媒體專線，“埃及最高法院斷言基督教國家僱員的憲法權利獲得帶薪假期去宗教朝聖，這與給予穆斯林僱員相同的權利去麥加朝聖。預計數以萬計的科普特基督徒將從這項裁決中受益。難以想像埃及航空會錯失這個商機，尤其是在 COVID-19 造成毀滅性損失之後。”

塞西不僅僅是在改善雙邊關係。塞西在紀念 10 月 6 日勝利（贖罪日戰爭）的武裝部隊教育研討會上的講話中，讚揚了安瓦爾·薩達特總統的和平願景以及他克服障礙實現目標的能力。

塞西指出，薩達特“發起了一項在 40 年後被現實證明的和平倡議。當前的現實證實了薩達特總統的願景。他領先於他的時代。”

塞西表示希望，正如薩達特克服障礙一樣，該地區的領導人也將採取同樣的行動，超越障礙，深化關係。

埃及總統安瓦爾·薩達特（左）和總理梅納赫姆在耶路撒冷的大衛王酒店進行深入交談。（信用：維基共享資源）

達爾維什評論說：“我的父親是一名高級空軍將軍，曾參加過三場與以色列的戰爭，在已故總統薩達特提出和平倡議後，他毫不含糊地支持和平談判。他說，沒有人理解和平的價值，如果我們像那些打仗的人一樣，在意識形態的基礎上選擇走這條戰爭道路，子孫後代將付出難以想像的代價。他是當時同齡人中相當多的人之一。”

卡西姆說：“我們在以色列有一位新總理，他正試圖偏離[他的前任本雅明]內塔尼亞胡遵循的亞伯拉罕之路。為了讓納夫塔利·貝內特在外交政策上留下自己的印記，他正在與塞西打開渠道，推進埃以關係正常化。

“貝內特是在以色列歷史上任職時間最長的總理之後。內塔尼亞胡擔任這個職位的時間比 [大衛] 本-古里安長，因此本內特需要打造自己的遺產。”

達爾維什說：“在 70 年代末和 80 年代初，幾乎最終解決衝突的歷史性機會被浪費了。形勢變得更加複雜，目前處於僵局。下一個機會可能會出現在雙方的新一代領導人身上，因為當代領導人，可能還有下一任領導人，完全被過去和現在的恐怖所吞噬。他們在意識形態上被鎖定在一個循環中，雙方的某些政黨和團體都有存在的理由讓衝突繼續存在。”

薩德克指出，“阿以沖突中有幾所學校。阿拉伯民族主義學派構成了猶太復國主義與阿拉伯民族主義之間的衝突。政治伊斯蘭學派將衝突視為伊斯蘭教與猶太教之間的衝突。

“然後是現實主義學校，代表人物包括前埃及總理伊斯梅爾·西德基；安瓦爾·薩達特；和[已故突尼斯總統]哈比卜布爾吉巴。他們的觀點並非基於對沖突的軍事解決方案。他們縮短交戰國與以色列衝突的願景並未被所有阿拉伯人接受，”他繼續說道。

“當你說這是一場阿以沖突時，那麼 22 個阿拉伯國家中的每一個都必須承擔衝突的代價。如果你說這是一場伊斯蘭-猶太衝突，那麼 57 個伊斯蘭國家中的每一個都必須承擔其應承擔的衝突。但事實是，每個國家都在尋找自己的利益，”薩德克說。

10月13日，美國國務卿安東尼·布林肯在華盛頓與以色列外長亞伊爾·拉皮德、阿聯酋外長謝赫·阿卜杜拉·本·扎耶德·阿勒納哈揚舉行聯合記者會。

“我們相信，正常化可以而且應該成為推動進步的力量，不僅在以色列和阿拉伯國家以及該地區及其他地區的其他國家之間，而且在以色列人和巴勒斯坦人之間，”布林肯說。

10月4日，埃及接待了以伊斯梅爾·哈尼亞為首的哈馬斯代表團。據阿拉伯報紙報導，哈馬斯領導人在會議上討論了四個問題：確認停火、調解以色列和哈馬斯之間的囚犯交換、加沙地帶重建項目以及巴勒斯坦民族和解。

卡西姆指出，“哈馬斯已成為國際賤民；甚至喬丹也拒絕與它建立任何联系。這是埃及政權通過參與加沙重建獲得美國新政府關注和避免更多壓力的機會。

“當與伊朗有聯繫的哈馬斯阻撓停戰協議時，埃及政權無限期地關閉了[在西奈半島和加沙地帶之間]的拉法過境點，”埃及情報機構繼續說道。

卡西姆說：“哈馬斯領導人對開羅的訪問是一種戰術演習，旨在在不改變巴以談判過程中的實地現實的情況下為哈馬斯和開羅取得更多收益。”

薩德克說：“塞西總統是薩達特現實主義學派的延續，也是與以色列正常化的總體地區趨勢的延續。”

達爾維什說：“需要注意的是，鑑於目前中東的趨勢，埃及不會讓與以色列的關係停滯不前，變得僵化。尤其是在代表這種關係的眼中釘的“比比”內塔尼亞胡離開之後，埃及和以色列正在發展需要經濟、政治和安全合作以應對地區危機並建立持久和平的關係。

“納夫塔利·貝內特對埃及的訪問以及塞西先生隨後呼籲其他阿拉伯國家效仿薩達特總統的言論是現實而富有成效的，”他繼續說道。

“歷史告訴我們，經過幾個世紀的衝突，法國和德國在二戰結束並造成數百萬人傷亡僅四年後就成功建立了歐洲煤鋼共同體。在不到 50 年的時間裡，這後來成為了歐盟，”達爾維什說。

Behind the recent Egyptian-Israeli rapprochement - analysis

Egyptian President el-Sisi: "The current reality confirms President Sadat’s vision."

By MINA NADER/THE MEDIA LINE

OCTOBER 18, 2021 15:07

Prime Minister Naftali Bennett and Egyptian president Abdel Fattah al-Sisi on September 13, 2021.

(photo credit: REUTERS)

Since Egypt brokered a cease-fire between Hamas and Israel last May and Naftali Bennett became prime minister in June, Egyptian-Israeli relations have renewed vigor. This has brought Cairo much sought-after US praise and re-established Egypt’s role in the region.

On a recent visit to Cairo, Sen. Robert Menendez (D-NJ), chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, reiterated the US administration’s appreciation for the Egyptian efforts toward calming the Gaza Strip and containing recent escalations, the spokesman of the Egyptian Presidency said.

President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi affirmed Egypt’s support for various efforts aimed at revitalizing the Israel-Palestinian peace process and the resumption of negotiations, the spokesman continued. El-Sisi confirmed Egypt’s firm position that a just and comprehensive solution guarantees the rights of the Palestinian people and the establishment of its independent state in accordance with international references, which would open up prospects for peaceful coexistence among all the peoples of the region.

It began with a visit by Chief of General Intelligence Abbas Kamel to Jerusalem on August 18. He met with Bennett for high-level talks on Gaza. During the meeting, Kamel extended an invitation from el-Sisi to the prime minister to visit Egypt, for the first such visit since 2011. A few hours later, Israel lowered the level of its travel warning regarding South Sinai.

On September 13, el-Sisi and Bennett met in Sharm el-Sheikh.

Bennett said their talks “created a foundation for deep ties in the future,” adding that “Israel is increasingly opening up to the countries of the region, and the basis of this long-standing recognition is the peace between Israel and Egypt. Therefore, on both sides, we must invest in strengthening this link, and we have done so today.”

During the meeting, el-Sisi said, “We spoke very frankly and very courageously, as the prime minister said, and we will continue to talk more for our two countries and for the region. I told His Excellency that Egypt would always strive for peace, stability, construction, development and reconstruction, far from anything that leads to the contrary.”

Israeli Prime Minister Naftali Bennett meets with Egyptian president Abdel Fattah Al-Sisi in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, on September 13, 2021. (credit: KOBI GIDEON/GPO)

Hisham Kassem, a former member of the Cairo Peace Association and a former publisher of the Egyptian newspaper Al-Masry Al-Youm, told The Media Line, “This move was supposed to happen 30 years ago. But it ended up being behind the UAE. Egypt was the leader in everything related to Arab-Israeli relations, and in order for Egypt not to relinquish its regional role, it began operating flights between Cairo and Tel Aviv and will likely take further action in order to further enhance relations.”

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A few hours after the Sisi-Bennett talks, EgyptAir listed four nonstop commercial flights per week between Cairo International Airport and Ben-Gurion Airport. On October 3, the first-ever commercial Egypt-Air flight landed in Tel Aviv. The inaugural flight builds on terms first laid out over 40 years ago in the 1979 Egypt-Israeli peace treaty.

Most Egyptians wanting to visit Israel have faced insurmountable obstacles. Coptic Christians only began visiting Jerusalem again after Pope Tawadros II of Alexandria visited the Egyptian Coptic Church in Jerusalem in 2015 to preside over the funeral prayers for Archbishop Anba Abraham of Jerusalem. He was the first Coptic pope to visit Israel in decades, opening the door for other pilgrims.

Said Sadek, a professor of political sociology, told The Media Line, “Pope Tawadros, who enjoys a close relationship with President el-Sisi, visited Jerusalem and sent delegations.” He noted, “Many Copts want to go on pilgrimage to Jerusalem.”

Until now, pilgrims who chose to visit Jerusalem flew on Air Sinai, which only flew between Egypt and Israel. For political reasons, the airline operated stealthily with no website, publicly listed schedule, or markings on planes ever since its establishment in 1982. In 2002, EgyptAir began operating Air Sinai, continuing to use planes without any markings. Flights were not listed in EgyptAir schedules and did not appear on its website or route maps. In February 2020, a third-party travel agency began handling online booking via an independent website.

In February 2017, Egypt’s Supreme Constitutional Court ruled that Christians have the right to a one-month paid leave to go on the pilgrimage.

Walid Darwish, a professor of political economics based in Brussels, told The Media Line, “The Egyptian Supreme Court asserted the constitutional right of Christian state employees to be granted paid vacation to go on a religious pilgrimage, the same right that is given Muslim employees to go on pilgrimage to Mecca. It is expected that tens of thousands of Coptic Christians will benefit from this ruling. It is inconceivable that EgyptAir would miss out on this business opportunity, especially after the devastating losses caused by COVID-19.”

El-Sisi is going beyond just improving bilateral relations. In his remarks at the Armed Forces Educational Symposium in commemoration of the October 6 victory (the Yom Kippur War), el-Sisi praised President Anwar Sadat’s vision for peace and his ability to overcome obstacles to achieve it.

Sadat, el-Sisi noted, “initiated a peace initiative that was proven by reality after 40 years. The current reality confirms President Sadat’s vision. He was ahead of his time.”

El-Sisi expressed hopes that, just as Sadat overcame obstacles, leaders in the region will do the same and transcend barriers to deepen relations.

EGYPTIAN PRESIDENT Anwar Sadat (left) and prime minister Menachem Begin deep in conversation at Jerusalem’s King David Hotel. (credit: Wikimedia Commons)

Darwish commented, “My father, who was a senior air force general and fought in three wars against Israel, was unequivocally pro-peace talks after the late President Sadat’s peace initiative. He said that no one understands the value of peace and the unimaginable price that would be paid by future generations should we choose to pursue that path of war on the basis of ideology like those who fought wars. He was among a considerable majority among his peers at the time.”

Kassem said, “We have a new prime minister in Israel who is trying to deviate from the Abrahamic path that [his predecessor Binyamin] Netanyahu followed. In order for Naftali Bennett to make his mark on foreign policy, he is opening channels with el-Sisi and advancing the normalization of Egyptian-Israeli relations.

“Bennett comes after the longest-serving prime minister in Israel’s history. Netanyahu served in this position longer than [David] Ben-Gurion, and therefore Bennett needs to forge his own legacy.”

Darwish said, “A historic opportunity was wasted in the late ’70s and early ’80s for an almost-final settlement of the conflict. The situation has become more complicated and is at a deadlock at present. The next opportunity may present itself with new generations on both sides as the current generation of leaders, and probably following one, are completely consumed by the horrors of the past and the present. They are ideologically locked into a cycle where certain parties and groups, on both sides, have an existential reason to keep the conflict alive.”

Sadek noted, “There are several schools in the Arab-Israeli conflict. The school of Arab nationalism frames the conflict between Zionism and Arab nationalism. The school of political Islam sees the conflict as between Islam and Judaism.

“And then there’s the school of realism, represented by several personalities such as Ismail Sidky, the former Egyptian prime minister; Anwar Sadat; and [the late Tunisian President] Habib Bourguiba. Their views were not based on military solutions to conflicts. Their vision for shortening the conflict of the warring countries with Israel was not accepted by all Arabs,” he continued.

“When you say that it is an Arab-Israeli conflict, then each of the 22 Arab countries has to bear its share in the cost of the conflict. And when you say that it is an Islamic-Jewish conflict, then each of the 57 Islamic countries has to bear its share of the conflict. But the truth is that each country is looking out for its own interests,” Sadek said.

On October 13, US Secretary of State Antony Blinken held a joint press conference in Washington with Israeli Foreign Minister Yair Lapid and United Arab Emirates Foreign Minister Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan.

“We believe that normalization can and should be a force for progress, not only between Israel and Arab countries and other countries in the region and beyond but also between Israelis and Palestinians,“ Blinken said.

On October 4, Egypt hosted a Hamas delegation headed by Ismail Haniyeh. The Hamas leader discussed four issues in the meeting, according to Arab newspapers: confirmation of the cease-fire, mediation of a prisoner exchange between Israel and Hamas, the Gaza Strip reconstruction project, and Palestinian national reconciliation.

Kassem noted that “Hamas has become an international pariah; even Jordan refuses to open any contact with it. This was an opportunity for the Egyptian regime to gain the attention of the new US administration and avoid more pressure through engaging in the reconstruction of Gaza.

“When Hamas, linked to Iran, obstructed the armistice agreement, the Egyptian regime closed the Rafah crossing [between Sinai and the Gaza Strip] indefinitely,” the Egyptian intelligence continued.

“The visit of the Hamas leaders to Cairo is a tactical maneuver aimed at achieving more gains for Hamas and Cairo without changing the reality on the ground in the course of the Palestinian-Israeli negotiations,” Kassem said.

Sadek said, “President el-Sisi is a continuation of Sadat’s school of realism and a continuation of the general regional trend of normalization with Israel.”

Darwish said, “It is important to note that in view of the current trend in the Middle East, Egypt will not allow its relationship with Israel to stagnate and become fossilized. Especially after the departure of ‘Bibi’ Netanyahu, who represented a thorn in this relationship, Egypt and Israel are developing relationships that necessitate economic, political and security cooperation to address regional crises and establish long-lasting peace.

“Naftali Bennett’s visit to Egypt and Mr. Sisi’s subsequent remarks calling upon other Arab countries to follow the model of President Sadat are realistic and productive,” he continued.

“History shows us that after centuries of conflict, France and Germany managed to establish the European Coal and Steel Community only four years after the end of WWII and millions of casualties. This later became the European Union, in less than 50 years,” Darwish said.

土耳其會再次破壞敘利亞北部的穩定嗎？- 分析

土耳其曾表示希望購買美國的 F-16，希望美國面前的現金能分散安卡拉的好戰注意力。

作者：SETH J. FRANZMAN

2021 年 10 月 18 日 23:53

土耳其國旗，背景是新清真寺和蘇萊曼清真寺，於 2019 年 4 月 11 日在土耳其伊斯坦布爾的一艘客運渡輪上飄揚。

（圖片來源：Murad SEZER/REUTERS）

土耳其威脅要在敘利亞北部發動新的軍事攻勢，目標是特拉里法特的庫爾德少數民族。這些庫爾德人在 2018 年被土耳其及其極端主義的敘利亞盟友從阿夫林種族清洗。

多年來，土耳其一直試圖重新引導敘利亞叛亂分子與庫爾德人作戰。2019年10月，土耳其向美國施壓，要求美國從敘利亞撤軍，襲擊庫爾德地區。安卡拉還在敘利亞與俄羅斯和伊朗合作。

現在有人擔心土耳其希望為襲擊敘利亞地區開綠燈。它最近接待了德國領導人安吉拉·默克爾（Angela Merkel），並可能尋求她支持進攻。此外，土耳其還表示希望購買美國的 F-16，希望美國面前的現金能分散安卡拉的好戰注意力。

地區媒體怎麼說？伊朗對此表示擔憂，並認為敘利亞北部正在發生“危險的事態發展”。

“敘利亞和俄羅斯軍隊七年來第一次將目標對準伊德利卜北部郊區 Bab al-Hawi 和 Sarmada 之間的道路，”伊朗的 Tasnim 媒體說。“這意味著俄羅斯和大馬士革已經向安卡拉發出了火熱的信息，並宣布他們準備前往敘利亞與土耳其邊境的最後一點。”

2019 年 10 月 29 日，土耳其士兵在土耳其桑尼烏法省的土耳其邊境城鎮 Ceylanpinar 沿著土耳其和敘利亞邊界線上的一堵牆巡邏（圖片來源：REUTERS/KEMAL ASLAN）

伊朗認為，同為伊朗合作夥伴的敘利亞政權和俄羅斯可能會尋求驅逐伊德利卜的極端分子，這些極端分子與沙姆解放組織有聯繫，該組織以前是敘利亞的基地組織。此外，大馬士革希望確保戰略性 M4 公路的安全。“這次襲擊傳達了另一個信息，那就是經濟信息。土耳其沒有履行與俄羅斯對重新開放阿勒頗-拉塔基亞國際公路（即 M4）的承諾，尤其是在改善敘利亞經濟形勢的情況下，”塔斯尼姆說。

報告稱：“現場證據表明，土耳其開始軍事行動以奪取阿勒頗北部庫爾德城鎮塔爾里法特的控制權。” “土耳其飛機發出傳單，呼籲立即發動襲擊，並敦促居民清除庫爾德武裝分子的城市。” 土耳其聲稱“恐怖分子”襲擊了土耳其陣地並指責庫爾德工人黨。

伊朗認為正在發生什麼？“俄羅斯和敘利亞軍隊通過瞄準薩爾馬達打破了敘利亞北部的平衡，以防止土耳其軍隊移動控制塔里法特，特別是因為俄羅斯沒有擊退對塔爾里法特的攻擊。” 這就形成了一個潛在的等式或骯髒的交易，其中該政權用 Tal Rifat 交換伊德利卜的部分地區。但是，目前尚不清楚這是否會發生。

敘利亞北部將成為一場激烈戰鬥的中心，這場戰鬥將摧毀所有先前的理解，以製定新的方程式和統治計劃。

報告稱：“俄羅斯指責土耳其沒有從一開始就履行其義務。無人機從伊德利卜飛往拉塔基亞的俄羅斯哈米姆基地。莫斯科也對敘利亞北部的武裝團體採取了軍事行動，也許莫斯科已經開放接近它的庫爾德團體的手在敘利亞領土上對土耳其軍隊發動行動。”

這意味著伊朗認為莫斯科正在利用庫爾德戰士作為籌碼。“伊德利卜的等式要么隨著戰爭而完全改變，要么回到談判桌並達成新協議。” 伊朗認為，正如俄羅斯人所說，埃爾多安和普京最近在索契的會晤一直很緊張，沒有就任何協議達成一致。

顯然，伊朗正在密切關注。土耳其此前在敘利亞問題上與伊朗和俄羅斯關係密切，更願意與他們合作對抗美國。但安卡拉 AKP 領導的政府收益遞減，以及擔心它在國內失去人氣，可能會引發埃爾多安的新戰爭。

Will Turkey destabilize northern Syria again? - analysis

Turkey has said it wants to buy US F-16s, hoping that dangling cash in front the US will distract from warmongering in Ankara.

By SETH J. FRANTZMAN

OCTOBER 18, 2021 23:53

A Turkish flag, with the New and the Suleymaniye mosques in the background, flies on a passenger ferry in Istanbul, Turkey, April 11, 2019.

(photo credit: MURAD SEZER/REUTERS)

Turkey is threatening a new military offensive in northern Syria aimed at the Kurdish minority in Tel Rifat. These are Kurds who were ethnically cleansed from Afrin by Turkey and its extremist Syrian allies in 2018.

Turkey has tried for years to redirect the Syrian rebels to fight Kurds. In October 2019, Turkey pressured the US to withdraw from Syria and attacked Kurdish areas. Ankara has also worked with Russia and Iran in Syria.

Now there are concerns that Turkey wants a new green light to attack areas in Syria. It hosted Germany’s leader Angela Merkel recently and likely sought her support for an offensive. In addition, Turkey has said it wants to buy US F-16s, hoping that dangling cash in front the US will distract from warmongering in Ankara.

What are regional media saying? Iran is concerned and thinks that there are “dangerous developments” afoot in northern Syria.

“For the first time in seven years, Syrian and Russian forces have targeted the road between Bab al-Hawi and Sarmada on the northern outskirts of Idlib,” Iran’s Tasnim media says. “This means that Russia and Damascus have sent a fiery message to Ankara and announced that they are ready to go to the last point of the Syrian border with the Turkish border.”

Turkish soldiers patrol along a wall on the border line between Turkey and Syria, in the Turkish border town of Ceylanpinar, in Sanliurfa province, Turkey, October 29, 2019 (credit: REUTERS/KEMAL ASLAN)

Iran believes that the Syrian regime and Russia, which are both partners with Iran, could seek to push out the extremists in Idlib who are linked to Hayat Tahrir al-Sham, which was previously al-Qaeda in Syria. Also, Damascus wants to secure the strategic M4 road. “This attack carries another message, and that is the economic message. Turkey is not living up to its commitments with Russia to reopen the Aleppo-Latakia International Road, known as M4, especially as it improves the economic situation in Syria,” says Tasnim.

“Field evidence indicates the beginning of Turkish military operations to seize control of the Kurdish town of Tal Rifat, north of Aleppo,” the report says. “Turkish planes have issued leaflets calling for an imminent attack and urging residents to move to clear the city of Kurdish armed elements.” Turkey claims that “terrorists” have attacked Turkish positions and blames the PKK.

What does Iran think is happening? “Russia and the Syrian army broke the equation in northern Syria by targeting Sarmada in order to prevent Turkish forces from moving to take control of Tal Rifat, especially since Russia does not repel the attack on Tal Rifat.” This puts in place a potential equation or dirty deal in which the regime trades Tal Rifat for parts of Idlib. However, it is not clear if this will happen.

Northern Syria will be the center of a fierce battle that will destroy all previous understandings to draw new equations and plans for domination.

"Russia blames Turkey for not fulfilling its obligations from the beginning,” the report says. “Drones flew from Idlib to attack the Russian Hamim base in Latakia. Moscow has also taken military action against armed groups in northern Syria, and perhaps Moscow has opened the hands of Kurdish groups close to it to launch operations against Turkish forces on Syrian soil.”

This means that Iran thinks Moscow is using Kurdish fighters for leverage. “Either the equation in Idlib changes completely with the war, or by returning to the negotiating table and a new agreement.” The recent meeting between Erdogan and Putin in Sochi, as the Russians have said, has been tense and no agreement has been reached on any agreement, Iran thinks.

Clearly, Iran is watching closely. Turkey has previously been close to Iran and Russia on Syrian issues, preferring to work with them against the US. But diminishing returns for the AKP-led government in Ankara, and fears that it is losing popularity at home, may motivate a new war by Erdogan.

Lev Tahor 成員在前往伊朗途中被阻止進入墨西哥

邪教尋求移居伊朗，以避免因極端主義和濫用行為而陷入法律糾紛。

作者：傑瑞米·沙龍

2021 年 10 月 18 日 23:43

據墨西哥媒體報導，haredi（超正統）Lev Tahor邪教的成員已被墨西哥當局阻止前往伊朗並返回危地馬拉，他們自 2014 年以來一直居住在那裡。

該邪教組織約有 300 人，其中大多數是以色列人，曾多次嘗試進入伊朗，第一次是在 2018 年，最近一次是在上週。

據 haredi 新聞網站 Behaderey Haredim 稱，該邪教的成員正試圖飛往伊拉克的庫爾德斯坦地區並繼續前往鄰國伊朗，希望在不受國家干預的情況下更自由地處理他們的事務。

7 月，聯邦調查局和危地馬拉警方突襲了 Lev Tahor 的住所，逮捕了至少兩名高級領導人 Yoel 和 Shmuel Weingarten，據報導，他們在美國因綁架和虐待兒童而對他們發出逮捕令。

Behaderey Haredim 本週從墨西哥媒體獲得的視頻片段顯示，兩輛載滿該邪教婦女和兒童的巴士即將被送回危地馬拉。

危地馬拉的 Lev Tahor 成員（來源：JORGE LOPEZ）

上週，邪教成員試圖登上從危地馬拉城起飛的航班，但被安全官員阻止。

據報導，以色列外交部正在努力阻止該邪教進入伊朗，因為以色列的家人擔心他們可能被伊斯蘭共和國用作與以色列衝突的談判籌碼。

據 Behaderey Haredim 上週報導，三名 Lev Tahor 領導人已經在庫爾德斯坦等待其他成員的到來。

該組織正尋求移居伊朗，以便能夠比在危地馬拉更自由地開展極端主義活動，2018 年逃離的前邪教成員約爾·列維 (Yoel Levi) 週一告訴 KAN 電台。

有報導稱，邪教領袖對其成員進行了強迫童婚和各種形式的身心虐待。

該組織的創始人甚洛莫·赫爾布蘭斯 (Shlomo Helbrans) 在 2017 年溺水身亡之前被判犯有綁架罪，其現任領導人之一雅科夫·溫斯坦 (Yaakov Weinstein) 於 3 月因涉嫌綁架兒童而被危地馬拉當局逮捕。

Lev Tahor members stopped from entering Mexico, en route to Iran

Cult seeking to move to Iran so as to avoid legal entanglements over extremist and abusive practices.

By JEREMY SHARON

OCTOBER 18, 2021 23:43

Members of the haredi (ultra-Orthodox) Lev Tahor cult have been prevented by Mexican authorities from traveling to Iran and have been returned to Guatemala, where they have resided since 2014, Mexican media reported.

The cult, numbering around 300 individuals, the majority of whom are Israeli, has made several attempts to reach Iran, first in 2018 and most recently last week.

According to the haredi news site Behaderey Haredim, the cult’s members are attempting to fly to the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and continue to neighboring Iran, hoping to more freely conduct their affairs without state interference.

In July, the FBI and Guatemalan police raided Lev Tahor’s compound and arrested at least two top leaders, Yoel and Shmuel Weingarten, who reportedly have arrest warrants against them in the US for kidnapping and child abuse.

Video footage obtained by Behaderey Haredim from Mexican media this week showed two buses filled with women and children members of the cult about to be sent back to Guatemala.

Members of Lev Tahor in Guatemala (credit: JORGE LOPEZ)

Last week, cult members sought to embark on flights from Guatemala City but were prevented by security officials.

Israel’s Foreign Ministry is reportedly working to thwart the arrival of the cult in Iran over concern by family members in Israel that they could be used by the Islamic Republic as bargaining chips in its conflict with Israel, Ynet has reported.

Three Lev Tahor leaders are already in Kurdistan awaiting the arrival of other members, Behaderey Haredim reported last week.

The group is seeking to move to Iran to be able to conduct their extremist practices more freely than they are able to do in Guatemala, Yoel Levi, a former member of the cult who escaped in 2018, told KAN Radio on Monday.

There have been reports of forced child marriages and various forms of psychological and physical abuse by the cult leaders against its members.

The group’s founder, Shlomo Helbrans, was convicted on kidnapping offenses before his drowning death in 2017, and one of its current leaders, Yaakov Weinstein, was arrested by Guatemalan authorities in March on suspicion of kidnapping children.

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