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 Summary 

 We learned in the mishna (28.1): If the pitom is broken off, it’s possul. 

 Rabbi Yitzchok ben Elazar: The pestle was broken off (1. The pestle means the part that goes in - what we call the ukatz. 2. It refers to the stem of the pitom, if the flower falls off, it’s kosher but if the stem breaks off, it’s possul. 3. It refers to the part of the ukatz that’s in the esrog).

 We learned in the mishna (28.1): If it was peeled, it’s possul. 

 Rava: An esrog which was somewhat peeled, like a browned date, is kosher.

 Challenge: But in our mishna we learned, it’s possul. 

 Resolution: It depends if it’s peeled off completely or partially*.

 We learned in the mishna (28.1): If it was split, or it was pierced and a bit is missing; it’s possul. 

 Ulla bar Chanina: If it was pierced through and through (not in middle where the meat of the fruit is, there even a bit is a problem), even the smallest bit missing, disqualifies it. If it is not through and through, the hole must be the size of a small coin called Issar. 

Click here to listen with Tosfos: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1fMEWhajesGrMr0rXJZhlVs_IWrwd8pCQ/view?usp=sharing

* Rashi: If the thin covering is peeled off completely, the esrog is kosher, because the entire fruit is uniform in color, otherwise it looks spotted (28.5).

 Rabeinu Chananel (Tosfos): If it’s peeled off partially, it’s kosher, as we learn from Chullin.