More than one-third – about 4 000, or 35% – of mining CEOs polled by PwC for its latest global mining report consider their company to be highly or extremely exposed to climate-related risks within the next five years.

The global drive to reduce carbon emissions notwithstanding, this year’s ‘Mine 2023: The era of reinvention’ report – the twentieth edition of the global report – found that the geopolitical instability of last year resulted in surging demand for coal, making coal the largest contributor to the top 40 mining companies' overall revenue at 28%. This is the first time that coal has been at the top of the list since 2010.

Despite the continued demand for coal, however, the drive to transition global society to more sustainable energy sources is resulting in the most significant development that the sector has witnessed in decades – the era of critical minerals.

Although demand for critical minerals is rising rapidly, these minerals – other than copper – accounted for only a small share of the top 40 companies’ overall revenue for 2022, with increasing production volumes but volatile prices.

Spending on the search for critical minerals such as copper, lithium and cobalt grew significantly last year, although PwC expects the total exploration spending to decline this year as earnings soften.

In this more dynamic and intensely competitive environment, PwC’s report asserts that miners can no longer rely on the portfolios and methods of the past to generate value.

One shift that PwC believes demands a response is the emergence of government as an important new category of player in the critical minerals market.

“After seeing rapid demand growth and risky levels of supply chain concentration, governments around the globe have formed alliances, instituted new policies and mobilised funding to secure access to critical minerals. These moves are expected to change the mining business,” PwC Africa energy, utilities and resources leader Andries Rossouw said during a presentation of findings in the report on June 7.

He said the inflow of public funds, for example, meant that miners would need to rethink the rates of return they could expect on mining or supply chain assets. Mining companies would also need to contend with heightened investment risk and greater competition, as governments altered the playing field with incentives and interventions.

The mine report has shown that government action in the critical minerals space has taken on three forms.

Firstly, there are an increasing number of government-to-government strategic partnerships or trade agreements centred on critical minerals collaboration.

Secondly, new laws, policies or regulations are being created and enacted to protect, secure or drive growth in critical minerals and supply chains.

Lastly, direct government funding or government-backed funds are being provided to finance ventures in critical minerals and their supply chains.

The result of governments entering the market is that there will be a greater demand for critical minerals, which will alter the financial picture, increasing investment risk and driving competition to new heights. In addition, increasingly stringent environmental standards will be imposed on miners owing to the public sector’s involvement.

PwC’s report shows that critical minerals transactions dominated deal activity last year, as both large and small mining companies raced to reposition themselves for the energy transition.

As a result, the value of critical minerals deals increased by 151% from 2021, accounting for 66% of all deal value in 2022. Copper was the year’s “hottest” commodity, representing 85% of all critical minerals transactions.

However, PwC energy, utilities and resources south market tax leader Laetitia Le Roux highlighted that, even as the global mining industry strived to increase output of critical minerals to support the energy transition, mining company leaders were keenly aware that they must reduce their carbon...