Mental Models discussed in this podcast:

• 2nd-order effects
• Price Competition

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You can find out more information by listening to episode 11 of this podcast.

Show Outline: Broker Price Wars

The full show notes for this episode are available at https://www.diyinvesting.org/Episode46

Major Online Brokers eliminated commissions on Stock Trades:

• Interactive Brokers (IBKR) - On September 26th announced IBKR Lite, with unlimited free trades on United States exchange-listed stocks and ETFs. 
• Charles Schwab (SCHW) - Effective October 7th, Schwab eliminated commissions for stocks, ETFs, and options on U.S. and Canadian exchanges. 
• TD Ameritrade (AMTD) - Effective October 3rd, TD Ameritrade eliminated commissions for stocks, ETFs, and options on U.S. and Canadian exchanges. 
• E-Trade (ETFC) - Effective October 7th, E-Trade eliminated retail commissions on U.S. listed stock, ETF, and option trades. 
• Fidelity (Private) - Effective October 10th, Fidelity eliminated retail commissions on U.S. listed stock, ETF, and option trades. [Not announced prior to the recording]

Robinhood: The beginning of the end

• Popular with young investors (Millenials)
• Free trading - announced in 2013 as a startup
• Receives payments for order flow

2nd-order effects

• The potential demise of the paid index fund
  • Why pay a non-zero management fee, when you can replicate the entire index for free?
  • Fidelity has already shown this with zero-fee index funds.
• Higher returns for investors all-else equal
  • If you don't change your trading behavior, your returns should rise with this change. You have lower expenses but the same gross return. Your net return should be higher.
• Changing behavior that promotes more frequent trading. (Could be a major negative)
• Changing behavior that increases the number of investors and the amount they invest
  • Leading to lower returns in the aggregate as more money chases the same number of assets. 

How do brokers make money?

• Robinhood makes money through order flow
• Brokers also earn money through:
  • Spread between cash interest paid and earned by the broker to investors
  • Internal ETFs and Mutual Funds
  • Asset Management Fees

Summary

The end game has begun in the brokerage price wars. We have reached the zero bound in terms of commissions now at $0 for US and Canadian exchanges. This will have a major impact on the accessibility of investing and will certainly change the recommendations I have made in the past to new investors.