With the expulsion of the Jewish people from Israel by the Romans, we are faced with new challenges. Stateless, Jews will be vulnerable and persecuted. However, there will also be great moments of scholarly creativity in Torah and in our contribution to the general societies of the host countries. We will trace the journeys of Sefardic Jewry in the Arab world, and Ashkenazic Jewry in Europe, and look at some of the great leading figures.