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Ancient Greek astronomers began with a powerful philosophical conviction that the universe must operate according to rational, mathematical principles. This belief wasn't merely abstract theorizing - it marked one of humanity's first steps toward modern scientific thinking. Rather than relying on mythology or simple observation, these early scientists sought to uncover the mathematical harmony they believed governed celestial motion.

Starting with the elegantly simple two-sphere model of the cosmos, astronomers found themselves facing increasingly complex challenges. While this initial framework explained basic celestial movements, it struggled to account for the planets' irregular motions. As they gathered more precise observations, these scientists confronted a difficult question: How could they explain these apparent irregularities while maintaining their commitment to perfect circular motion?

This intellectual journey reached its pinnacle with Ptolemy's remarkable achievement in second-century Alexandria. His masterwork, the Almagest, accomplished something unprecedented - a comprehensive mathematical system capable of accurately predicting celestial positions.

Resources:
Diagrams of the Ptolemaic model of the Solar System
Video animation of the Ptolemaic model

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Intro Music: Hayden Symphony #39
Outro Music: Vivaldi Concerto for Mandolin and Strings in D