This podcast episode explores various types of vaccines and immunotherapies, from traditional approaches to cutting-edge developments. It covers the mechanisms of different vaccine types (live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, and mRNA vaccines), the role of adjuvants in enhancing immune responses, and the importance of memory cells in long-term immunity. The discussion delves into revolutionary treatments like CAR T-cell therapy for cancer and the future of personalized vaccines, while also examining cellular microdomains and their role in immune system function. The episode concludes with insights into the challenges and opportunities in developing personalized immune therapies.