Dr. Josh Bongard is a computer scientist, roboticist, and co-creator of Xenobots — the world’s first living robots made from frog cells, capable of movement, healing, and even self-replication.Together with biologist Michael Levin, Bongard’s work is upending some of biology’s most sacred assumptions: that DNA is a blueprint, that the brain is the seat of intelligence, and that only neurons can think. In his lab at the University of Vermont, he’s building AI-designed organisms that challenge our understanding of life, agency, intelligence, and what it means to be a self.Expect to learn how a pile of skin cells assembled itself into a replicating robot, why biology may be cognitive all the way down, how AI is learning to design living systems from scratch, why memory and learning might emerge in systems without brains, why the illusion of consciousness could be evolution’s greatest trick, how Xenobots are influencing the future of robotics and synthetic life, what moral standing these beings might eventually require, and why your high school biology textbook may have gotten almost everything wrong…Timestamps: 00:00 The Birth of Xenobots03:08 Understanding Xenobots: Science and Implications05:57 Cognition and Intelligence: A New Perspective08:53 Defining Consciousness and Self-Awareness12:09 Memory and Learning in Xenobots14:46 The Nature of Experience and Reality18:00 Exploring Agency and Adaptation20:52 The Future of Xenobots and Robotics28:10 The Evolution of Robotics: Learning from Biology30:21 Human-Like Adaptability in Robots33:10 Xenobots: The Future of Self-Replication37:38 Understanding Agency in Xenobots40:47 The Challenge of Defining Agency43:35 Ethical Considerations of Xenobots45:07 AI and the Future of Biological Robotics47:43 The Role of AI in Understanding Biology52:05 The Potential of AI in Biological Discoveries55:15 The Moral Implications of Synthetic Life01:00:01 Future of Food and Ethical Eating...Episodes Mentioned: Challenging a Famous Neuroscientist On When Consciousness First Emerged: https://youtu.be/ZnasmLpY5_8Meet the Scientist Who Mathematically Proved Reality is an Illusion! Round 2: https://youtu.be/kTKE8eLo8CUPhilip Ball: Why Quantum Mechanics is NOT What you think, Consciousness, Brain Organoids, AI & Life!: https://youtu.be/nNbG5lnp51E❤️ Subscribe to our main channel - https://www.youtube.com/@thegiantsshoulder?sub_confirmation=1💚 Follow on Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/show/5m3Gta5MtIYdk59pb2GJ7M?si=Ka2rAQv7TyqiC9wvGwERpA💜 Follow on Apple Podcasts - https://podcasts.apple.com/ie/podcast/the-giants-shoulder/id1752486249Download my FREE EBook 26 Neuroscience Books for 2026 HERE: https://thegiantsshoulder.com/