Dr. Charles Antonori and Dr. Leon Kushner discussed the historical evolution of surgical training programs and medical education, including the impact of the Flexner Report and changes in residency structures over the decades. They explored advancements in surgical techniques, particularly robotic surgery, and discussed how these innovations have transformed training approaches and increased surgical complexity. The conversation concluded with discussions about challenges in residency programs, including program closures and the growing representation of women in medical fields, while noting improvements in work-life balance and resident training methods.