Açık Bilim Cepyayını

Hazırlayan ve sunanlar: Tevfik Uyar, Kübra Karacan

Giriş ve Çıkış Müziği: Bensound, Rumble (CC Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported)

Bu bölümde değindiğimiz haberler:

CO2 tüketen E.Coli bakterisi geliştirildi:

https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-03679-x

Derin Öğrenme ile insanların yüzlerine bakarak atriyal fibrilasyonda olup olmadıkları teşhis edilebildi:

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/fullarticle/2756246

Ücretli abonemiz olarak bize destek vermek için sayfamızı ziyaret edebilirsiniz:

https://www.patreon.com/acikbilim

Bu yayınımızı ücretli abonelerimiz sayesinde gerçekleştirdik (Patreon'da yer alan isimleriyle):

Sule Civi, Kaya Gökçe Dinçyürek, Deniz Kozluklu, Okan Ulas Gezeroglu, Evren Akal, yesatalim, İpek Doğramacı, Refik Sekercioglu, Ediz Kırman, Zeynep Kiziltan, Koray Al, Ozgur Bozat, Tevfik Uyar, Gursel Mutlu, Melis Aritman Alp, Cengiz Gokdeniz, Evren Aslankaraoğlu, Utku Sakallıoğlu, Cenk Altı, Arman Sernaz, Cem Karaoguz, Bunyamin Simsek, Ali Ihsan Sakin, Guven atbakan, Yang Wen-li, Sifsty, Arif Akar, Melike Ceren İnan, Gamze, Eren Şener, fatih karagülle, Enes Topcu, Ahmet ERKAN, Cem Mergenci, Aygül Özbek, Sertaç Tuncel, Zuhal Kaya, Baris Parlak, Emre Yorgancıgil, kıvanç canbay, Refik Sekercioglu, Ali Mersin, Irmak Akpınar

Bu bölümümüzde geleneksel tıbbı, akupunkturu ve politik kökenini konuştuk.

A wonderful serenity has taken possession of my entire soul, like these sweet mornings of spring which I enjoy with my whole heart. I am alone, and feel the charm of existence in this spot, which was created for the bliss of souls like mine. I am so happy, my dear friend, so absorbed in the exquisite sense of mere tranquil existence, that I neglect my talents. I should be incapable of drawing a single stroke at the present moment; and yet I feel that I never was a greater artist than now.

When, while the lovely valley teems with vapour around me, and the meridian sun strikes the upper surface of the impenetrable foliage of my trees, and but a few stray gleams steal into the inner sanctuary, I throw myself down among the tall grass by the trickling stream; and, as I lie close to the earth, a thousand unknown plants are noticed by me: when I hear the buzz of the little world among the stalks, and grow familiar with the countless indescribable forms of the insects and flies, then I feel the presence of the Almighty, who formed us in his own image, and the breath of that universal love which bears and sustains us, as it floats around us in an eternity of bliss; and then, my friend, when darkness overspreads my eyes, and heaven and earth seem to dwell in my soul and absorb its power, like the form of a beloved mistress, then I often think with longing, Oh, would I could describe these conceptions, could impress upon paper all that is living so full and warm within me, that it might be the mirror of my soul, as my soul is the mirror of the infinite God!

I should be incapable of drawing a single stroke at the present moment; and yet I feel that I never was a greater artist than now.

O my friend -- but it is too much for my strength -- I sink under the weight of the splendour of these visions! A wonderful serenity has taken possession of my entire soul, like these sweet mornings of spring which I enjoy with my whole heart. I am alone, and feel the charm of existence in this spot, which was created for the bliss of souls like mine. I am so happy, my dear friend, so absorbed in the exquisite sense of mere tranquil existence, that I neglect my talents.

When, while the lovely valley teems with vapour around me, and the meridian sun strikes the upper surface of the impenetrable foliage of my trees, and but a few stray gleams steal into the inner sanctuary, I throw myself down among the tall grass by the trickling stream; and, as I lie close to the earth, a thousand unknown plants are noticed by me: when I hear the buzz of the little world among the stalks, and grow familiar with the countless indescribable forms of the insects.

A wonderful serenity has taken possession of my entire soul, like these sweet mornings of spring which I enjoy with my whole heart. I am alone, and feel the charm of existence in this spot, which was created for the bliss of souls like mine. I am so happy, my dear friend, so absorbed in the exquisite sense of mere tranquil existence, that I neglect my talents. I should be incapable of drawing a single stroke at the present moment; and yet I feel that I never was a greater artist than now.

When, while the lovely valley teems with vapour around me, and the meridian sun strikes the upper surface of the impenetrable foliage of my trees, and but a few stray gleams steal into the inner sanctuary, I throw myself down among the tall grass by the trickling stream; and, as I lie close to the earth, a thousand unknown plants are noticed by me: when I hear the buzz of the little world among the stalks, and grow familiar with the countless indescribable forms of the insects and flies, then I feel the presence of the Almighty, who formed us in his own image, and the breath of that universal love which bears and sustains us, as it floats around us in an eternity of bliss; and then, my friend, when darkness overspreads my eyes, and heaven and earth seem to dwell in my soul and absorb its power, like the form of a beloved mistress, then I often think with longing, Oh, would I could describe these conceptions, could impress upon paper all that is living so full and warm within me, that it might be the mirror of my soul, as my soul is the mirror of the infinite God!

I should be incapable of drawing a single stroke at the present moment; and yet I feel that I never was a greater artist than now.

O my friend -- but it is too much for my strength -- I sink under the weight of the splendour of these visions! A wonderful serenity has taken possession of my entire soul, like these sweet mornings of spring which I enjoy with my whole heart. I am alone, and feel the charm of existence in this spot, which was created for the bliss of souls like mine. I am so happy, my dear friend, so absorbed in the exquisite sense of mere tranquil existence, that I neglect my talents.

When, while the lovely valley teems with vapour around me, and the meridian sun strikes the upper surface of the impenetrable foliage of my trees, and but a few stray gleams steal into the inner sanctuary, I throw myself down among the tall grass by the trickling stream; and, as I lie close to the earth, a thousand unknown plants are noticed by me: when I hear the buzz of the little world among the stalks, and grow familiar with the countless indescribable forms of the insects.

A wonderful serenity has taken possession of my entire soul, like these sweet mornings of spring which I enjoy with my whole heart. I am alone, and feel the charm of existence in this spot, which was created for the bliss of souls like mine. I am so happy, my dear friend, so absorbed in the exquisite sense of mere tranquil existence, that I neglect my talents. I should be incapable of drawing a single stroke at the present moment; and yet I feel that I never was a greater artist than now.

When, while the lovely valley teems with vapour around me, and the meridian sun strikes the upper surface of the impenetrable foliage of my trees, and but a few stray gleams steal into the inner sanctuary, I throw myself down among the tall grass by the trickling stream; and, as I lie close to the earth, a thousand unknown plants are noticed by me: when I hear the buzz of the little world among the stalks, and grow familiar with the countless indescribable forms of the insects and flies, then I feel the presence of the Almighty, who formed us in his own image, and the breath of that universal love which bears and sustains us, as it floats around us in an eternity of bliss; and then, my friend, when darkness overspreads my eyes, and heaven and earth seem to dwell in my soul and absorb its power, like the form of a beloved mistress, then I often think with longing, Oh, would I could describe these conceptions, could impress upon paper all that is living so full and warm within me, that it might be the mirror of my soul, as my soul is the mirror of the infinite God!

I should be incapable of drawing a single stroke at the present moment; and yet I feel that I never was a greater artist than now.

O my friend -- but it is too much for my strength -- I sink under the weight of the splendour of these visions! A wonderful serenity has taken possession of my entire soul, like these sweet mornings of spring which I enjoy with my whole heart. I am alone, and feel the charm of existence in this spot, which was created for the bliss of souls like mine. I am so happy, my dear friend, so absorbed in the exquisite sense of mere tranquil existence, that I neglect my talents.

When, while the lovely valley teems with vapour around me, and the meridian sun strikes the upper surface of the impenetrable foliage of my trees, and but a few stray gleams steal into the inner sanctuary, I throw myself down among the tall grass by the trickling stream; and, as I lie close to the earth, a thousand unknown plants are noticed by me: when I hear the buzz of the little world among the stalks, and grow familiar with the countless indescribable forms of the insects.

A wonderful serenity has taken possession of my entire soul, like these sweet mornings of spring which I enjoy with my whole heart. I am alone, and feel the charm of existence in this spot, which was created for the bliss of souls like mine. I am so happy, my dear friend, so absorbed in the exquisite sense of mere tranquil existence, that I neglect my talents. I should be incapable of drawing a single stroke at the present moment; and yet I feel that I never was a greater artist than now.

When, while the lovely valley teems with vapour around me, and the meridian sun strikes the upper surface of the impenetrable foliage of my trees, and but a few stray gleams steal into the inner sanctuary, I throw myself down among the tall grass by the trickling stream; and, as I lie close to the earth, a thousand unknown plants are noticed by me: when I hear the buzz of the little world among the stalks, and grow familiar with the countless indescribable forms of the insects and flies, then I feel the presence of the Almighty, who formed us in his own image, and the breath of that universal love which bears and sustains us, as it floats around us in an eternity of bliss; and then, my friend, when darkness overspreads my eyes, and heaven and earth seem to dwell in my soul and absorb its power, like the form of a beloved mistress, then I often think with longing, Oh, would I could describe these conceptions, could impress upon paper all that is living so full and warm within me, that it might be the mirror of my soul, as my soul is the mirror of the infinite God!

I should be incapable of drawing a single stroke at the present moment; and yet I feel that I never was a greater artist than now.

O my friend -- but it is too much for my strength -- I sink under the weight of the splendour of these visions! A wonderful serenity has taken possession of my entire soul, like these sweet mornings of spring which I enjoy with my whole heart. I am alone, and feel the charm of existence in this spot, which was created for the bliss of souls like mine. I am so happy, my dear friend, so absorbed in the exquisite sense of mere tranquil existence, that I neglect my talents.

When, while the lovely valley teems with vapour around me, and the meridian sun strikes the upper surface of the impenetrable foliage of my trees, and but a few stray gleams steal into the inner sanctuary, I throw myself down among the tall grass by the trickling stream; and, as I lie close to the earth, a thousand unknown plants are noticed by me: when I hear the buzz of the little world among the stalks, and grow familiar with the countless indescribable forms of the insects.

A wonderful serenity has taken possession of my entire soul, like these sweet mornings of spring which I enjoy with my whole heart. I am alone, and feel the charm of existence in this spot, which was created for the bliss of souls like mine. I am so happy, my dear friend, so absorbed in the exquisite sense of mere tranquil existence, that I neglect my talents. I should be incapable of drawing a single stroke at the present moment; and yet I feel that I never was a greater artist than now.

When, while the lovely valley teems with vapour around me, and the meridian sun strikes the upper surface of the impenetrable foliage of my trees, and but a few stray gleams steal into the inner sanctuary, I throw myself down among the tall grass by the trickling stream; and, as I lie close to the earth, a thousand unknown plants are noticed by me: when I hear the buzz of the little world among the stalks, and grow familiar with the countless indescribable forms of the insects and flies, then I feel the presence of the Almighty, who formed us in his own image, and the breath of that universal love which bears and sustains us, as it floats around us in an eternity of bliss; and then, my friend, when darkness overspreads my eyes, and heaven and earth seem to dwell in my soul and absorb its power, like the form of a beloved mistress, then I often think with longing, Oh, would I could describe these conceptions, could impress upon paper all that is living so full and warm within me, that it might be the mirror of my soul, as my soul is the mirror of the infinite God!

I should be incapable of drawing a single stroke at the present moment; and yet I feel that I never was a greater artist than now.

O my friend -- but it is too much for my strength -- I sink under the weight of the splendour of these visions! A wonderful serenity has taken possession of my entire soul, like these sweet mornings of spring which I enjoy with my whole heart. I am alone, and feel the charm of existence in this spot, which was created for the bliss of souls like mine. I am so happy, my dear friend, so absorbed in the exquisite sense of mere tranquil existence, that I neglect my talents.

When, while the lovely valley teems with vapour around me, and the meridian sun strikes the upper surface of the impenetrable foliage of my trees, and but a few stray gleams steal into the inner sanctuary, I throw myself down among the tall grass by the trickling stream; and, as I lie close to the earth, a thousand unknown plants are noticed by me: when I hear the buzz of the little world among the stalks, and grow familiar with the countless indescribable forms of the insects.

A wonderful serenity has taken possession of my entire soul, like these sweet mornings of spring which I enjoy with my whole heart. I am alone, and feel the charm of existence in this spot, which was created for the bliss of souls like mine. I am so happy, my dear friend, so absorbed in the exquisite sense of mere tranquil existence, that I neglect my talents. I should be incapable of drawing a single stroke at the present moment; and yet I feel that I never was a greater artist than now.

When, while the lovely valley teems with vapour around me, and the meridian sun strikes the upper surface of the impenetrable foliage of my trees, and but a few stray gleams steal into the inner sanctuary, I throw myself down among the tall grass by the trickling stream; and, as I lie close to the earth, a thousand unknown plants are noticed by me: when I hear the buzz of the little world among the stalks, and grow familiar with the countless indescribable forms of the insects and flies, then I feel the presence of the Almighty, who formed us in his own image, and the breath of that universal love which bears and sustains us, as it floats around us in an eternity of bliss; and then, my friend, when darkness overspreads my eyes, and heaven and earth seem to dwell in my soul and absorb its power, like the form of a beloved mistress, then I often think with longing, Oh, would I could describe these conceptions, could impress upon paper all that is living so full and warm within me, that it might be the mirror of my soul, as my soul is the mirror of the infinite God!

I should be incapable of drawing a single stroke at the present moment; and yet I feel that I never was a greater artist than now.

O my friend -- but it is too much for my strength -- I sink under the weight of the splendour of these visions! A wonderful serenity has taken possession of my entire soul, like these sweet mornings of spring which I enjoy with my whole heart. I am alone, and feel the charm of existence in this spot, which was created for the bliss of souls like mine. I am so happy, my dear friend, so absorbed in the exquisite sense of mere tranquil existence, that I neglect my talents.

When, while the lovely valley teems with vapour around me, and the meridian sun strikes the upper surface of the impenetrable foliage of my trees, and but a few stray gleams steal into the inner sanctuary, I throw myself down among the tall grass by the trickling stream; and, as I lie close to the earth, a thousand unknown plants are noticed by me: when I hear the buzz of the little world among the stalks, and grow familiar with the countless indescribable forms of the insects.

A wonderful serenity has taken possession of my entire soul, like these sweet mornings of spring which I enjoy with my whole heart. I am alone, and feel the charm of existence in this spot, which was created for the bliss of souls like mine. I am so happy, my dear friend, so absorbed in the exquisite sense of mere tranquil existence, that I neglect my talents. I should be incapable of drawing a single stroke at the present moment; and yet I feel that I never was a greater artist than now.

When, while the lovely valley teems with vapour around me, and the meridian sun strikes the upper surface of the impenetrable foliage of my trees, and but a few stray gleams steal into the inner sanctuary, I throw myself down among the tall grass by the trickling stream; and, as I lie close to the earth, a thousand unknown plants are noticed by me: when I hear the buzz of the little world among the stalks, and grow familiar with the countless indescribable forms of the insects and flies, then I feel the presence of the Almighty, who formed us in his own image, and the breath of that universal love which bears and sustains us, as it floats around us in an eternity of bliss; and then, my friend, when darkness overspreads my eyes, and heaven and earth seem to dwell in my soul and absorb its power, like the form of a beloved mistress, then I often think with longing, Oh, would I could describe these conceptions, could impress upon paper all that is living so full and warm within me, that it might be the mirror of my soul, as my soul is the mirror of the infinite God!

I should be incapable of drawing a single stroke at the present moment; and yet I feel that I never was a greater artist than now.

O my friend -- but it is too much for my strength -- I sink under the weight of the splendour of these visions! A wonderful serenity has taken possession of my entire soul, like these sweet mornings of spring which I enjoy with my whole heart. I am alone, and feel the charm of existence in this spot, which was created for the bliss of souls like mine. I am so happy, my dear friend, so absorbed in the exquisite sense of mere tranquil existence, that I neglect my talents.

When, while the lovely valley teems with vapour around me, and the meridian sun strikes the upper surface of the impenetrable foliage of my trees, and but a few stray gleams steal into the inner sanctuary, I throw myself down among the tall grass by the trickling stream; and, as I lie close to the earth, a thousand unknown plants are noticed by me: when I hear the buzz of the little world among the stalks, and grow familiar with the countless indescribable forms of the insects.

Şahinleşmek, Türk dil kurumuna göre “herhangi bir düşünce konusunda keskinleşmek, sertleşmek, katı bir duruş sergilemek” anlamına geliyor. Buna alternatif, çeşitli derecelerde şahinleşmeyi ifade eden daha pek çok cümle kullanırız: İnatlaşmak, diretmek, “nuh demek peygamber dememek” gibi…

İnsanların pek çok konuda görüşleri vardır. Siyaset, din gibi toplumsal kurumlar, evlilik, boşanma gibi toplumsal olgular, hemen hepimizin hakkında görüş sahibi olduğu konulardır. Elbette herkesin görüş sahibi olduğu bu popüler konularda “neyin iyi olduğu” sorusuna yanıt olarak farklı yanıtlar verilir. İnsanların bu yanıtlarından oluşan dünyaları onların “hayat görüşünü” oluşturur. Peki hayat görüşlerimiz gerçekten de hepimizin düşünerek oluşturduğu rasyonel, yani akla uygun ve mantıklı çıkarımlardan mı oluşmaktadır? Bazen hayır, bazen evet.

Esasında herhangi bir konuda tamamen bağımsız ve rasyonel bir görüş üretmek o kadar da kolay değildir. Hayat görüşümüzü pek çok dış etken belirler. Bu etkenler çok çeşitlidirler ama bu yazıda yetiştirilme tarzı, ailemiz vb. klasik etkenlerden ziyade, bu klasik etkenlerin yarattığı sosyal ve psikolojik süreçlere değineceğiz.

İdeolojiler ve Bilişsel Tutarlılık

Öncelikle doğruluğuna inandığımız ideolojilerin hayat görüşümüzü şekillendirdiğini belirtmekte fayda var. Buna “zaten hayat görüşümüz nedeniyle o ideolojiyi tercih etmiyor muyuz?” şeklinde itiraz edebilirsiniz fakat bu söylediğinizi insanların pek azı gerçekleştirebilir; “bilişsel tutarlılık” teorisi, düşüncelerimizin davranışlarımızla, davranışlarımızın da birbiriyle ve ilişkili olan diğer düşüncelerle tutarlı olması gerektiğini, insanın huzurlu hissetmesinin ve özsaygısını korumasının ancak böyle mümkün olduğunu söyler. Zaten ideolojinin tanımı da "hayatın her alanını aynı bakış açısı örüntüsüyle ele alma"dır.

Ne var ki ideolojik düşünmeyi ortaya çıkaran "bilişsel tutarlılık" ilkesi aynı zamanda ideolojilerden sapmaları da kendimize açıklayabilmemizi sağlar. Normalde bir yandan ifade özgürlüğünü savunurken diğer yandan kitapların yakılmasını savunamazsınız; fakat eğer bazı kitaplar yakılıyor ve buna çeşitli nedenlerle ses çıkarmıyor / çıkaramıyorsanız bu defa bilişsel tutarlılık gereği, “bazı kitapların yakılması gerektiği”, “zaten o kitapların çok tehlikeli olduğunu” düşünmek, kendinize bu minvalde açıklamalar üretmek zorundasınızdır. Elbette birileri böyle bir durumda size tutarsız olduğunuzu iddia edecektir; ve evet: Özsaygınız gereği bunu kabul etmeniz o kadar kolay değildir. O halde “tutarlı bir insan olduğunuzu” hem başkalarına –hem de bilinçsizce kendinize- kabul ettirmek için, bazı kitapların yakılması gerektiği görüşünüzde şahinleşmek durumunda kalabilirsiniz.

Bilişsel tutarlılığa verilecek en güzel örnek, sigara tiryakilerinin sigara hakkındaki görüşleridir. Sigara içme davranışı, “sigaranın çok zararlı olduğu” fikri ile tutarsızlık gösterir. Bireyin tutarlı olarak huzura erişmesinin iki yolu vardır: Ya sigarayı bırakarak davranışını değiştirecektir, ya da fikrini “sigaranın aslında o kadar zararlı olmadığı” yönünde değiştirecektir. Çevremizde sıkça şahit olduğumuz ya da kendimizden bildiğimiz bu davranışın bir benzeri çeşitli deneylerle gösterilmiştir. Bu deneylerden birinde kahve içmenin neden olabileceği hastalıklarla ilgili bir seminer verilmiş ve çıkışta katılımcılara dinledikleri semineri değerlendirebilecekleri bir form verilmiştir. Yapılan istatistiki analizler göstermiştir ki kahve tüketicileri seminerde anlatılanları kahve tüketmeyenlere göre daha abartılı bulmuştur.

Sosyal Uyum

Hayat görüşümüzü etkileyen etmenlerden birisi de nasıl bir çevrede yaşadığımız, kimlerle arkadaşlık ettiğimizle alakalıdır ve aslında sahip olduğumuz görüşlerin gerçekten de bizim mi, yoksa içinde yaşadığımız toplumun görüşleri mi olduğunu ayırt etmek çok güçtür. Çoğu zaman doğruluğundan emin olduğumuz şeylerden bile,