A comprehensive overview of Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs), particularly focusing on their mechanisms, classifications, and challenges in prediction. The sources explore various forms of ADRs, including Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI), drug hypersensitivity reactions involving the skin, and ADRs affecting blood and cardiac tissue. A significant portion of the material examines the molecular basis of these toxicities, detailing the role of reactive metabolites and their covalent binding to macromolecules, the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction, and the complex interplay of the adaptive and innate immune systems and cytokines in mediating immune-related reactions. Furthermore, the texts discuss the genetic predisposition to idiosyncratic ADRs and modern strategies in drug discovery aimed at minimizing the formation of toxic reactive intermediates.
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