This source, Peter L. Bernstein's Against the Gods, chronicles the historical evolution of risk management from ancient times to the modern era. It identifies key figures and intellectual breakthroughs that shifted the understanding of the future from the realm of fate to one of measurable probability.

The book explores the development of mathematical and statistical tools for analyzing risk, including probability theory, statistics, and financial models.

Furthermore, it examines the psychological and behavioral aspects of risk-taking, revealing how human biases often deviate from purely rational decision-making.

Ultimately, Against the Gods illustrates how the ability to understand and manage risk has been a defining characteristic of modern society and a crucial driver of progress.