Nepal’s agriculture sector, the backbone of the national economy and the source of livelihood for much of the population, enters 2025 under unprecedented climate uncertainty. Forecasts point to an increase in extreme weather events, characterized by heat waves and prolonged, unpredictable monsoon rains. This new climate reality poses a direct and immediate threat to the traditional farming practices that have shaped the country’s agricultural landscape for centuries. Analysis of climate data confirms a worrying trend: Nepal is among the countries most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. The country's average annual temperature is projected to rise by up to 4.2°C by the 2080s under the worst-case emissions scenario, significantly higher than the global average. Such changes are already leading to more frequent and intense droughts on the one hand, and devastating floods and landslides on the other. The events of September 2024, when unusually heavy monsoon rains triggered floods and landslides that caused an estimated 17 billion Nepalese rupees (US$126 million) in damage, serve as a stark reminder of the country’s growing vulnerability. These events not only destroy crops and infrastructure, but also undermine the food security and economic stability of millions of Nepalese families.