We examine the intertwined history and future of artificial intelligence (AI) and neuroscience, highlighting their bidirectional influence. We explain how neuroscience has inspired key AI developments, such as artificial neural networks, spiking neural networks, attention mechanisms, and reinforcement learning, by drawing principles from the brain's structure, function, and learning processes. Conversely, we detail how modern AI empowers neuroscience, enabling advanced analysis of brain imaging data, breakthroughs in brain-computer interfaces, large-scale mapping of neural connections (connectomics), and sophisticated cognitive modeling. We also provides a timeline of significant milestones in this convergence, compare biological and artificial neural networks, and offer a strategic outlook on future advancements, emphasizing the collaborative efforts of leading institutions and the emerging ethical considerations in this rapidly evolving field.