Toivo Asheeke is a scholar-activist and author of “Arming Black Consciousness: the Azanian Black nationalist tradition and South Africa’s Armed Struggle.” In this episode, we discuss the armed liberation movements in Southern Africa, diving into Azanian Black nationalism, the black consciousness movement, and how they contributed to the liberation of southern African countries from Portuguese colonialism and white settler rule. A full transcript is available for all of our episodes on the 1919Radio webpage.

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