Arteriovenous fistulas are the gold standard for hemodialysis access, but it is quite common for them to develop problems. When they do, radiology catches it first. In episode two of Window & Level, we dive into the fistulogram workup — from maturation to maintenance.

⏱️ TIMESTAMPS:

00:00 Welcome

00:45 Introduction

01:44 Understanding Fistula Creation and Types

04:10 Evaluating Fistula Maturity

05:12 Failure of Maturation

06:41 Interventions for Non-Mature Fistulas

07:28 Fistula Maintenance and Reasons of Malfunction

08:30 Physical Exam Insights for Fistulograms

10:10 Preparing for a Fistulogram

12:25 Stenting and Its Implications

14:27 Unique Fistulogram Case and Pitfalls of Imaging Diagnosis

17:19 Fistulogram is a Great Procedure for IR Training

19:08 Advice for Aspiring Radiologists

GUEST: Dr. Patrick Litam, an interventional radiologist trained at Cleveland Clinic. With passion for resident education he brings expertise on AV fistula physiology, common failure patterns, and why fistulograms are one of the best procedures for IR trainees to master.

📚 KEY REFERENCES: A. Sailer et al. Imaging of Arteriovenous Fistulas: Maturation, Maintenance, and Declotting. (RadioGraphics 2025) Article and presentation.

🎙️ ABOUT WINDOW & LEVEL:

Your 20-minute radiology education. We break down complex imaging with clinical pearls, protocols, and interpretation tricks you can apply on your next shift.

🌟 OUR TEAM:

Host: Dr. Genia Grik

Editing & Creative Dev: Dr. Viacheslav Lavshuk

Communications & Promotion: Dr. Daria Zasorina

Creative Dev: Dr. Batyrkhan Abdrakhimov

📱 CONNECT WITH US:

Instagram: @windowandlevel

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💬 QUESTION FOR YOU: What is your most and least favourite IR procedure?

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⚠️ DISCLAIMER: This podcast is for educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult with qualified healthcare professionals for patient care decisions. The views expressed are those of the hosts and guests and do not necessarily reflect the views of their affiliated institutions.

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