Single-nucleotide polymorphisms and  copy-number variations (CNV’s)  result from genome wide chromosomal abnormalities including large deletions and duplications where the the immune system appears to play a major role in  the accumulation of chromosomal variation.

Aging in humans may be linked to immune-mediated epigenomic epistasis as facilitated by Recombination Activating Gene proteins RAG1 & RAG2 that are canonically linked to V(D)J recombination of the T cell receptor and the B cell immunoglobulins.