Bird Flu Update: Latest Developments in North America

H5N1 avian influenza continues spreading across the United States with significant momentum heading into the final days of December. According to GISAID, the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, specifically Clade 2.3.4.4b, remains active in dairy cows, poultry, and other animals across the country. The CDC has confirmed 71 human cases through genome sequence analysis since April 2024.

The situation remains unpredictable. Virus RNA has been detected at high concentrations in raw milk, and the exact route of exposure in dairy cows and transmission methods remain unknown. Data from the USDA's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service show that viruses in infected cows, other animals, and farm workers are closely related. Farm workers continue showing mild symptoms, primarily eye irritation alongside respiratory issues, with nearly all cases remaining mild.

Recent developments highlight the virus's ongoing evolution. On February 11, the USDA released data on the first cases of genotype D1.1 detected in dairy cows. A human fatality was reported involving a Louisiana patient exposed to backyard poultry and wild birds. On March 19, the CDC confirmed the first human case in Ohio with genotype D1.3. Farm workers in Iowa and Wisconsin have tested positive after exposure to infected commercial poultry, with the D1.1 genotype also detected in cases in Washington state and a severe case in British Columbia.

On the state level, Maryland reported its tenth case of highly pathogenic H5 avian influenza in 2025. According to the Maryland Department of Agriculture, a commercial broiler farm in Queen Anne's County confirmed a presumptive positive case on December 20, marking the second case in that county this year. All affected premises have been quarantined, and birds are being depopulated to prevent spread. The Maryland Department of Health emphasizes that transmission risk to the general public remains low, though those working directly with poultry or dairy farms face higher exposure.

Wild bird populations continue showing infection. DC Health reported detection of H5 avian influenza in a wild Canada goose on December 17. The Maryland Department of Natural Resources warns that the coming months could prove active for bird flu in wild bird populations, particularly among waterfowl, raptors, and black vultures. Health officials urge enhanced biosecurity practices and recommend common precautions for anyone handling wild birds.

That's the latest on bird flu developments across North America. Thank you for tuning in. Come back next week for more updates on this developing story. This has been a Quiet Please production. For more, check out quietplease.ai.

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