Modern surgery depends not only on what is seen in theatre, but on what is revealed under the microscope. This episode explores tissue and molecular diagnosis as the backbone of definitive surgical decision-making.

We walk through biopsy techniques, frozen sections, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular testing — explaining how each contributes to diagnosis, staging, prognosis, and treatment planning. Particular attention is given to sampling error, turnaround time, and the importance of clinicopathological correlation.

This chapter helps listeners understand how surgeons and pathologists work together, and why the quality of the specimen is just as important as the sophistication of the test. It is a reminder that precision surgery begins long before the scalpel — with the integrity of diagnosis.

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