This episode lays the foundation for all genitourinary surgery by focusing on urinary symptoms and the investigations that clarify them. Rather than jumping to diagnoses, the discussion centres on careful history-taking — voiding patterns, pain, haematuria, infection, and obstruction — and how these guide rational testing.

Listeners are walked through urine analysis, imaging, flow studies, endoscopy, and functional testing, with emphasis on choosing the right investigation for the right patient. The episode highlights how over-investigation can mislead, and how patterns over time often matter more than single results.

This chapter frames urology as disciplined listening supported by targeted investigation.

This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit drmanaankarray.substack.com/subscribe