This episode focuses on bladder pathology, from functional disturbance to malignancy. Listeners are guided through haematuria, infection, outlet obstruction, neurogenic bladder, and cancer, with attention to how symptoms reflect underlying mechanics.

The discussion highlights cystoscopy, imaging, and biopsy, alongside surgical principles such as resection, reconstruction, and diversion. Quality of life, continence, and long-term surveillance are addressed as core considerations.

This chapter presents bladder surgery as both technical and deeply functional — where outcomes are measured in daily living as much as disease control.

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