Within colonized spaces, members of a community are generally taught to expect punishment if they don’t comply with society’s demands. As people striving for antiracist policies and actions, this tool simply does not suffice. It also doesn’t work. We know from decades of research that punishment is one of the least effective terms for improving behavior in the long term. So what else do we have? (The resource I mentioned in the episode is called Exploring Cultural Values and Habits by Debby Irving, whose work can be found at DebbyIrving.com.)