Dr. Spaulding reads aloud Howard W. French's text, Born in Blackness, Chapter 16 in which he argues that the devastating effects of viruses and disease in the New World and in conjunction with the way the Jesuits and other colonizers forced indigenous peoples to work the sugar plantations opened up a vast territory that lead to European expansion of their own cultural values, and had it not been for this opening up, he speculates, that "Old World" locked European ideals would have died out in the face of expanding Asian and Islamic cultures.