Every complex system has a centre — a place where inputs converge, outputs diverge, and meaning is made. In metabolism, that place is the citric acid cycle.

In this episode, Medlock Holmes steps into the core of cellular energy metabolism and finds a pathway that is far more than a simple loop. The citric acid cycle is revealed as a meeting point for carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids — a hub where carbon skeletons are dismantled with precision and energy is harvested methodically.

Drawing on Lehninger’s elegant systems view and Harper’s clinically grounded treatment of the cycle’s centrality, we explore how acetyl-CoA enters the cycle, how reducing equivalents are generated, and why the cycle’s intermediates are constantly borrowed for biosynthesis and replenished through anaplerotic reactions.

Medlock learns that the citric acid cycle is not defined by speed, but by centrality. It does not rush; it integrates. When the cycle falters, it is rarely an isolated failure — it signals a broader breakdown in metabolic coordination.

Here, metabolism reveals its architecture.

Key Topics Explored

* Entry of acetyl-CoA from multiple fuel sources

* Stepwise oxidation and energy capture

* Production of NADH and FADH₂

* Amphibolic nature of the cycle

* Anaplerotic reactions and metabolic balance

* Clinical implications of mitochondrial dysfunction

This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit drmanaankarray.substack.com/subscribe