Professor Paul Kramer re-joins the show to explain how the years-long  Philippine-American war influenced racial attitudes. As the conflict continued, soldiers and civilians became more intolerant and violent. From letters to songs to government policy, Kramer demonstrates the war's cultural impact.

Paul Kramer writes and teaches U. S. history from transnational, imperial and global perspectives as an associate professor at Vanderbilt University.

He is the author of The Blood of Government: Race, Empire, the United States and the Philippines, and co-editor of Cornell University Press’ series The United States in the World.  He is currently writing books on the practice of transnational history, and on connections between American foreign relations and U. S. immigration policy across the 20th century.