Focuses on various materials and strategies for repairing bone defects. The sources extensively discuss bone graft substitutes, classifying them into categories like autografts, allografts, demineralized bone matrix (DBM), and synthetic materials such as calcium phosphates and ceramic-based substitutes. Significant attention is given to the use of growth factors, particularly bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), detailing their discovery, delivery systems, and clinical applications, including the associated FDA regulatory considerations for these and other devices. Furthermore, the text explores advanced topics in regenerative engineering, including the use of stem cells and nanotechnology to create improved, often biomimetic, bone scaffolds and addresses the increasing use and risks associated with xenografts in orthopedic surgery.
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