Providence does not mean blind fate or an impersonal chain of causes, and Calvin will not allow it to be reduced to either. In these closing sections of Chapter 16, he carefully dismantles the charge that Christian providence is merely Stoic fatalism, insisting instead that God actively governs all things by wise decree, not by necessity embedded in nature itself. Drawing on Basil and Augustine, Calvin rejects “fortune” and “chance” as pagan placeholders for ignorance, showing that what appears accidental to us is fully ordered by God’s hidden counsel (1 Timothy 6:20; Job 14:5). Events may be contingent from our limited perspective, yet nothing occurs outside the will of God—a truth illustrated in Scripture through Saul’s pursuit of David, the Philistines’ invasion, and even the unbroken bones of Christ (1 Samuel 23:26–27; John 19:33, 36). Here Calvin offers one of his most careful distinctions: God’s decree makes events certain without making them mechanically necessary, preserving both divine sovereignty and the integrity of created causes. This reading presses us to abandon the language of luck, resist fatalism, and rest instead in a providence that is purposeful, personal, and always at work—even when its reasons remain hidden.

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