Professor Bann-Seng Tan, Assistant Professor of Political Science and International Relations at Ashoka University, shares key insights from his acclaimed book International Aid and Democracy Promotion: Liberalization at the Margins.

In his work International Aid and Democracy Promotion: Liberalization at the Margins, he argues that Western donors are far more willing to demand political reforms such as multiparty elections, rule of law, and civil liberties, when recipients are “secondary” states like Fiji, which cannot offer significant strategic concessions in return. By contrast, “primary” recipients such as Egypt, which hold substantial strategic or commercial value, often use their bargaining power to deflect democratization pressures, revealing that democracy promotion through aid is most effective at the margins where donors have greater leverage and autocrats have fewer alternatives.

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