An overview of carbohydrates and their metabolism, explaining fundamental biochemical pathways like glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, alongside their regulation and physiological significance in maintaining blood glucose. Laboratory testing procedures are discussed for glucose and related markers such as HbA1c and ketones, crucial for diagnosing and monitoring conditions like diabetes mellitus and prediabetes. Various metabolic disorders including glycogen storage diseases and galactosemia are discussed, alongside the physical and chemical properties of carbohydrates and essential precautions for accurate testing and result interpretation

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