In the 18th century, philosopher David Hume called the traditional understanding of causality into question in such a way that the scientific endeavor was potentially undermined. Though Immanuel Kant managed to justify the cause and effect relation to some extent, we still live in a world rather skeptical of causality. In this episode, staff apologists Sam Welbaum and Bruce Paolozzi take up the issue of causality, showing that not only is Hume's system unlivable, it fundamentally presumes a weak understanding of causation. If it sounds like this one gets into heavy philosophy, then you're right. However, Sam and Bruce do their best to translate that into something understandable using various examples, not he least of which is a subway sandwich.