This podcast is made by Ran Chen, who holds an EA license, Insurance and Securities licenses (Series 6, 63, 65), and the CFP® designation. He is passionate about opening access to high-quality exam preparation resources and helping learners prepare more effectively for professional certification exams.

In this episode you will learn:

- The names and functions of the 7 layers of the OSI model.

- How the 4-layer TCP/IP model maps to the more theoretical OSI model.

- The process of encapsulation and decapsulation as data moves through the network stack.

- The specific Protocol Data Units (PDUs) used at key layers: segments, packets, and frames.

- How to apply the layered models as a systematic framework for troubleshooting network issues on the CCNA exam.

For more free exam prep tools, practice questions, and AI-powered explanations, visit https://open-exam-prep.com/ or YouTube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@Open-exam-prep