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A surprising number of security leaders admit they’re flying blind on hardware and firmware. We start by exposing how shared BIOS passwords, slow maintenance cycles, and careless e‑waste practices create avoidable risk, then lay out the fixes: privileged vaulting, disciplined asset disposition, and practical ways to repurpose gear without leaking data. That real-world foundation sets the stage for a focused tour through CISSP Domain 5—Identity and Access Management—built for practitioners who want clarity over jargon.

We break down least privilege in plain terms and show how to reduce the initial friction with cleanly defined roles and entitlement catalogs. From there, we compare RBAC and ABAC: when baseline roles are enough, and when context-aware attributes like device, location, and data sensitivity should drive policy. Authentication gets the same treatment. Multi-factor authentication, biometrics, and phishing-resistant methods raise the bar, while single sign-on and identity federation streamline access across cloud apps using standards like OAuth, OpenID Connect, and SAML. In modern cloud environments, token-based models win for scalability and security, and we explain why.

Governance ties it all together. We walk through identity proofing for solid onboarding, separation of duties to curb fraud, and IGA workflows that make approvals, recertifications, and audits far less painful. Regular access reviews emerge as the unsung hero that prevents privilege creep before it becomes an incident. If you’re prepping for the CISSP—or just tightening your IAM program—this episode gives you the why behind the what, with steps you can apply today.

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