In this BoardsCast episode, we continue our neurology fundamentals series by diving into one of the most powerful — and testable — distinctions in neuroanatomy: upper motor neuron (UMN) vs. lower motor neuron (LMN) dysfunction. Using Chapter 26 of Tobias & Johnston’s Veterinary Surgery (2nd ed) as our anchor, we break down how this single split explains tone, reflexes, gait, and prognosis.

You’ll learn:

• How UMN and LMN pathways function and fail
• What changes in tone, reflexes, and gait distinguish the two
• Why lesion localization depends on recognizing the pattern
• How to apply UMN vs LMN principles to spinal cord segments
• Classic exam traps — and how to outsmart them
• What board questions are really testing when they ask about reflexes

If neuro still feels fuzzy, this episode makes it click — one framework, one split, all the clarity you need.

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