Europe's economic relationship with China has entered a more complex and contested phase. In recent years, European economies have been grappling with soaring energy costs following the Ukraine crisis, weak productivity growth, and a decline in industrial competitiveness. European policymakers have increasingly raised concerns over what they call Chinese overcapacity, industrial subsidies, and growing competition from Chinese manufacturers. But is China the main driver of Europe's economic challenges — or are deeper structural issues at the heart of the problem? And what will it take for Europe to restore economic dynamism in an increasingly competitive global economy?