In this episode of OSCE Talk, we break down Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) in a clear, structured, and clinically relevant way.

We cover what CKD actually is, how to recognise it, and—most importantly—how to approach it safely as a medical student or junior doctor.

We start with the definition of CKD and why it matters, before working through the most common causes, including diabetes, hypertension, and nephrotoxic medications.

We then explain the underlying pathophysiology, including nephron loss, hyperfiltration, and why proteinuria develops—linking this directly to key treatments like ACE inhibitors and SGLT2 inhibitors.

We also cover how CKD presents in real life, from asymptomatic early disease picked up on routine bloods, to advanced uraemia, fluid overload, and complications like anaemia and bone disease.

From there, we go through a practical and safe approach to:

• Investigations (eGFR, ACR, bloods, imaging)
• Staging (GFR + albuminuria)
• Management (blood pressure control, diabetes optimisation, medication choices)
• Complication management (anaemia, bone disease, electrolyte imbalance)

We also touch on end-stage kidney disease, including dialysis (haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis) and renal transplant.

Finally, we finish with a clear, structured approach to explaining CKD to a patient in an OSCE, using a simple framework you can apply in exams and clinical practice.