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C.K. Ezeasor - INTRANASAL VACCINE APPLICATION METHODS INFLUENCE THE IMMUNE RESPONSES IN GOATS
Introduction
Intranasal administration of Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) vaccine as a potentially effective means for mass vaccination has been experimentally demonstrated to induce strong mucosal and systemic immune responses in goats. However, little is known about the influence of intranasal PPR vaccination application methods on the induction of immune response in goats. This study compares the influence of two different intranasal vaccine application methods on the immune responses in goats.
Materials and methods
Twenty, male, PPR immunologically naive West African dwarf goats were divided into four groups (n=5). Groups A and B were vaccinated intranasally (IN) with live attenuated PPR vaccine (Nigeria 75/1) by either nasal dropper (Group A) or nasal spray (Group B) methods and compared with the subcutaneous route vaccination (Group C) and unvaccinated control (Group D) for 28 days.
Results
PPR blocking ELISA based on the H-antigen demonstrated high-titres of PPRV-specific antibodies in all vaccinated animals regardless of vaccination route with peak mean percentage inhibitions of 79.3% (day 14); 69.8% (day 21) and 86.6% (day 21) for IN-Drop; IN-Spray and Subcutaneous vaccination groups, respectively. Pulmonary histomorphological assessment showed the development of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissues (BALT) in IN-Spray Group only. PPR Immunohistochemistry showed PPR viral antigens in the lymphoid cells of the germinal centers of the BALT. PPRV antigen was also detected in the spleen and mediastinal lymph nodes of all vaccinated animals after 28 days post-vaccination.
Discussion
The findings of this study shows that the choice of application methods for intranasal PPR vaccine delivery is essential in the induction of immune response and suggests that the IN-Spray method may hold greater potential for earlier induction of systemic immune response as well as pulmonary protection against the pneumonic form of the disease.
Intranasal administration of Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) vaccine as a potentially effective means for mass vaccination has been experimentally demonstrated to induce strong mucosal and systemic immune responses in goats. However, little is known about the influence of intranasal PPR vaccination application methods on the induction of immune response in goats. This study compares the influence of two different intranasal vaccine application methods on the immune responses in goats.
Materials and methods
Twenty, male, PPR immunologically naive West African dwarf goats were divided into four groups (n=5). Groups A and B were vaccinated intranasally (IN) with live attenuated PPR vaccine (Nigeria 75/1) by either nasal dropper (Group A) or nasal spray (Group B) methods and compared with the subcutaneous route vaccination (Group C) and unvaccinated control (Group D) for 28 days.
Results
PPR blocking ELISA based on the H-antigen demonstrated high-titres of PPRV-specific antibodies in all vaccinated animals regardless of vaccination route with peak mean percentage inhibitions of 79.3% (day 14); 69.8% (day 21) and 86.6% (day 21) for IN-Drop; IN-Spray and Subcutaneous vaccination groups, respectively. Pulmonary histomorphological assessment showed the development of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissues (BALT) in IN-Spray Group only. PPR Immunohistochemistry showed PPR viral antigens in the lymphoid cells of the germinal centers of the BALT. PPRV antigen was also detected in the spleen and mediastinal lymph nodes of all vaccinated animals after 28 days post-vaccination.
Discussion
The findings of this study shows that the choice of application methods for intranasal PPR vaccine delivery is essential in the induction of immune response and suggests that the IN-Spray method may hold greater potential for earlier induction of systemic immune response as well as pulmonary protection against the pneumonic form of the disease.
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By EuFMDIntroduction
Intranasal administration of Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) vaccine as a potentially effective means for mass vaccination has been experimentally demonstrated to induce strong mucosal and systemic immune responses in goats. However, little is known about the influence of intranasal PPR vaccination application methods on the induction of immune response in goats. This study compares the influence of two different intranasal vaccine application methods on the immune responses in goats.
Materials and methods
Twenty, male, PPR immunologically naive West African dwarf goats were divided into four groups (n=5). Groups A and B were vaccinated intranasally (IN) with live attenuated PPR vaccine (Nigeria 75/1) by either nasal dropper (Group A) or nasal spray (Group B) methods and compared with the subcutaneous route vaccination (Group C) and unvaccinated control (Group D) for 28 days.
Results
PPR blocking ELISA based on the H-antigen demonstrated high-titres of PPRV-specific antibodies in all vaccinated animals regardless of vaccination route with peak mean percentage inhibitions of 79.3% (day 14); 69.8% (day 21) and 86.6% (day 21) for IN-Drop; IN-Spray and Subcutaneous vaccination groups, respectively. Pulmonary histomorphological assessment showed the development of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissues (BALT) in IN-Spray Group only. PPR Immunohistochemistry showed PPR viral antigens in the lymphoid cells of the germinal centers of the BALT. PPRV antigen was also detected in the spleen and mediastinal lymph nodes of all vaccinated animals after 28 days post-vaccination.
Discussion
The findings of this study shows that the choice of application methods for intranasal PPR vaccine delivery is essential in the induction of immune response and suggests that the IN-Spray method may hold greater potential for earlier induction of systemic immune response as well as pulmonary protection against the pneumonic form of the disease.
Intranasal administration of Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) vaccine as a potentially effective means for mass vaccination has been experimentally demonstrated to induce strong mucosal and systemic immune responses in goats. However, little is known about the influence of intranasal PPR vaccination application methods on the induction of immune response in goats. This study compares the influence of two different intranasal vaccine application methods on the immune responses in goats.
Materials and methods
Twenty, male, PPR immunologically naive West African dwarf goats were divided into four groups (n=5). Groups A and B were vaccinated intranasally (IN) with live attenuated PPR vaccine (Nigeria 75/1) by either nasal dropper (Group A) or nasal spray (Group B) methods and compared with the subcutaneous route vaccination (Group C) and unvaccinated control (Group D) for 28 days.
Results
PPR blocking ELISA based on the H-antigen demonstrated high-titres of PPRV-specific antibodies in all vaccinated animals regardless of vaccination route with peak mean percentage inhibitions of 79.3% (day 14); 69.8% (day 21) and 86.6% (day 21) for IN-Drop; IN-Spray and Subcutaneous vaccination groups, respectively. Pulmonary histomorphological assessment showed the development of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissues (BALT) in IN-Spray Group only. PPR Immunohistochemistry showed PPR viral antigens in the lymphoid cells of the germinal centers of the BALT. PPRV antigen was also detected in the spleen and mediastinal lymph nodes of all vaccinated animals after 28 days post-vaccination.
Discussion
The findings of this study shows that the choice of application methods for intranasal PPR vaccine delivery is essential in the induction of immune response and suggests that the IN-Spray method may hold greater potential for earlier induction of systemic immune response as well as pulmonary protection against the pneumonic form of the disease.